The process combines a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and nanofiltration (NF) technology to treat

the leachate. The results indicate that the NF system, including the hollow-fiber NF membrane, is an appropriate advanced treatment alternative for landfill leachates. This system provided good removal of chemical oxygen demand and color. The membrane flux renewal reached over 96% after washing with 0.01 mol/L HCl. As a result, the effluent water quality met effluent discharge standards (GB16889-2008). (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 116: 2343-2347, 2010″
“Objective-To evaluate the incidence of sterile hemorrhagic cystitis (SHC) and other adverse effects in dogs following oral administration of the single-day,

maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of cyclophosphamide divided over 3 days as part of a multiagent chemotherapy protocol for treatment of learn more lymphoma without concurrent administration of furosemide.

Design-Retrospective case series.

Animals-57 dogs.

Procedures-Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs with see more lymphoma that underwent the described cyclophosphamide treatment. Information was obtained regarding signalment, lymphoma stage, concurrent diseases, cyclophosphamide doses administered, adverse effects (including SHC), remission rates, and outcomes. The incidence of SHC was compared with that of literature-derived historical control groups that received the MTD of cyclophosphamide as a single, 1-day dose with or without furosemide treatment.

Results-None of the 57 dogs developed SHC during the study period. Forty-seven of 57 (82%) dogs had complete remission of lymphoma. Other adverse effects were uncommon and self-limiting; no dogs had myelosuppression, and only 5 had mild gastrointestinal effects. Incidence of SHC was significantly lower than that reported for historical control dogs that received cyclophosphamide as a single dose without furosemide (24/219) and was not significantly different from that for historical control dogs that received cyclophosphamide

as a single dose with furosemide check details (2/139).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-No dogs in this study had SHC following oral administration of the single-day MTD of cyclophosphamide divided over a 3-day period without furosemide administration. Further research is needed to confirm whether this method of cyclophosphamide administration is equivalent or superior to the current single-dose administration method.”
“Fe65Co35 /underlayer bilayer films were successfully prepared on different underlayer materials (Co93Fe7, Ni80Fe20, Cu, and Fe). The soft magnetic properties of Fe65Co35 films were improved when the texture changed from (110) to (200), which can be controlled by different underlayers. The conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy revealed that the angle between the effective magnetization and the normal direction of films with (110) texture is smaller than that with (200) texture.

The parity coded in these records was compared with an estimate derived from deliveries identified in previous hospital admissions between April 2000 and March 2009.

Results: We identified 358,849 eligible deliveries with complete parity

data in the 2009-10 birth records. The historical data classified 168,041 women as multiparous; of whom, 98% were coded as multiparous in their birth record. Among 190,798 women classified as primiparous using historical data, 72% were coded as primiparous Sapitinib research buy in their birth record. The proportion of accurate predictions about primiparous status from historical data varied with age, ranging from 89% for 15-18 year olds to 50% for women aged more than 35 years.

Conclusion: Historical records in administrative

hospital data sets give accurate information on multiparous status of women. There is some misclassification of primiparous status, and error rates differ among subgroups of women. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The experience of learning and using a second language (L2) has been shown to affect the grey matter (GM) structure of the brain. Importantly, GM density in several cortical and subcortical areas has been shown to be related to performance in L2 tasks. Here, we show that bilingualism can lead to increased GM volume in the cerebellum, a structure that has been related to the processing of grammatical rules. Additionally, the cerebellar GM volume of highly proficient L2 speakers is correlated to their performance in a task tapping on grammatical processing in an L2, demonstrating LDC000067 the importance of the cerebellum for the establishment and use of grammatical rules in an L2.”
“Objectives: We propose to assess the contribution of “”modified genetic ATM Kinase Inhibitor supplier sonography”" (MGS) to the combined test (CT) as a method of stepwise sequential screening (1st step: CT, 2nd step: MGS) for chromosome abnormalities in the general population of pregnant women. Methods: Prospective study. During a 4 year study period (July 2005-June 2009) 16,548 pregnancies underwent a CT combined with MGS

(major malformation and nuchal fold) as a screening method for chromosome abnormalities. We assessed sensitivity and false positive rate (FPR) (95% CI). Results: We offered a chromosome abnormalities screening test to 96.6% of pregnancies (15,995 cases). 14,160 cases are analyzed (1st step: CT, 2nd step: MGS) including 49 chromosome abnormalities and 35 Down’s syndrome (DS). The sensitivity of CT for DS was 77.1% [95% CI, 63.2-91] (27/35) and 77.5% for all chromosome abnormalities [95% CI, 65.8-89.2] (38/49) with a FPR of 4.4% [95% CI, 4.1-4.7]. If MGS was combined with CT, the sensitivity for DS was 91.4% [95% CI, 82.1-99] (32/35) and 93.8% for all chromosome abnormalities [95% CI, 87-99] (46/49) for a FPR of 5.1% [95% CI, 4.7-5.5].

Results. Biotinylated peptide bound to the HUVEC proteins with a major labelled

band at 68,600 +/- 1503 kDa (mean +/- SEM, n=5 runs). Unlabelled peptide and scrambled peptide equally displaced the labelled peptide, indicating that the binding was non-specific for amino acid sequence. LC-MS/MS showed that binding was mainly to cytoskeletal proteins.

Conclusion. The binding of the human prorenin peptide (RIFLKRMPSIR20)-I-10 to HUVEC proteins is not specific for amino acid sequence and probably involves a this website general peptide/protein uptake mechanism. We could not detect a specific prorenin propart binding site in these cells.”
“We describe our experience of working in plastic and reconstructive surgery in Uganda over the last 10 years. There is a high burden of disease, a health system that is under resourced,

and few qualified physicians to provide healthcare for a principally rural population. Training the physicians of the future is essential. Prevention and early wound management needs to be emphasized for traumatic injuries including burns. Subsidized up-country visits by trained specialists with the appropriate equipment are required to provide a service for the rural poor. There appears to be a high mortality rate in babies with unrepaired cleft palate, probably due to feeding difficulties in an environment where intercurrent illness is common. We now offer nutritional support with early combined cleft lip and palate repair in these

babies, a practice that has a high success rate and may be suited to other specialist units in AZ 628 price the developing world.”
“A new concept of vertebra vectors based on spinal three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of images from the EOS system, a new low-dose X-ray imaging device, was recently proposed to facilitate interpretation of EOS 3D data, especially with regard to horizontal plane images. This retrospective study was aimed at the evaluation of the spinal layout visualized by EOS 3D and vertebra vectors before and after surgical correction, the comparison of scoliotic spine measurement values based on 3D vertebra vectors PF-6463922 with measurements using conventional two-dimensional (2D) methods, and an evaluation of horizontal plane vector parameters for their relationship with the magnitude of scoliotic deformity.

95 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis operated according to the Cotrel-Dubousset principle were subjected to EOS X-ray examinations pre- and postoperatively, followed by 3D reconstructions and generation of vertebra vectors in a calibrated coordinate system to calculate vector coordinates and parameters, as published earlier. Differences in values of conventional 2D Cobb methods and methods based on vertebra vectors were evaluated by means comparison T test and relationship of corresponding parameters was analysed by bivariate correlation.

The NAPBC is in the process of defining the most efficient methods of data collection for the NAPBC-accredited programs.”
“Marburg’s variant multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acute and aggressive atypical form of MS, leading frequently to death in few months. A 32-year-old man with motor and sensory symptoms suggestive of acute myelopathy, rapidly followed by click here cerebellar dysfunction and consciousness

impairment. Clinical, laboratory and radiological evaluations suggested a central nervous system demyelinating disease. The diagnosis was Marburg’s variant MS, usually leading to death in short time. He underwent different treatments, including steroids, cyclophosphamide, plasma exchange and lastly interferon-beta. The patient reached clinical stability with severe residual disability, persistent after 3 years from onset. This observation suggests that subjects with Marburg’s MS might reach long clinical stability.”
“Fifty-five wild accessions of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) were collected from southwest China (Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Tibet), and their genetic diversity was analyzed using simple sequence repeat markers. A total of 267 polymorphic

bands were SB-715992 manufacturer detected with 18 primer combinations. The genetic similarity among the accessions ranged from 0.688 to 0.894 with an average of 0.797. All 55 wild accessions were clustered into 7 eco-geographic groups. Our data showed that the dendrogram was almost in accordance with geographic distribution, and accessions from the same Syk inhibitor collection sites tended to be clustered into the same group. A genetic differentiation analysis revealed that the percentage of genetic variance was 70.07 and 29.93% within and among groups, respectively. Finally, we discuss the implications of these results for C. dactylon in southwest China.”
“The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) provides feedback on adherence to National Quality Forum (NQF)-endorsed measures to promote best outcomes in colorectal

cancer. We examined the care delivered to patients with colorectal cancer at our institution and developed a protocol to enhance nodal retrieval and to ensure that patients with fewer than 12 nodes are considered for adjuvant chemotherapy. Few patients met the NQF criteria for adjuvant radiation. A protocol was developed to address this issue, and this provides a model for use in a multidisciplinary effort to improve adherence to measures associated with best outcomes in colorectal cancer.”
“Pandysautonomia is a severe and rare clinical condition characterized by widespread sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction. Consideration of whether symptoms and presentation are acute, subacute, or chronic is often helpful in establishing a differential diagnosis. The underlying mechanisms leading to pure pandysautonomia are unclear; however, there is some evidence suggestive of an immune-mediated pathogenesis.

g., external down force and driving force, were also discussed. Finally, MD simulations were carried out to examine the effects of abrasive sliding on material removal under the same external down force as abrasive rolling. The results showed that the ability of abrasive rolling to remove material on the atomic scale was not notably inferior to that of abrasive sliding. Therefore, it can be proposed that both abrasive sliding and rolling play important roles in material removal in the abrasive

CMP of the silicon substrate. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3575177]“
“Changes in liver allocation due to institution of the model for end-stage liver disease/PELD criteria have led to an increase in the number of patients receiving liver transplants who have elevated creatinine. Whether these patients’ renal dysfunction is reversible or not and whether they should receive combined liver this website and kidney transplants (KTXs) are individualized decisions, although some criteria are becoming clearer. A part of this decision must consider the outcomes of patients who have liver transplants alone but later require KTXs. We herein describe our single-center experience Birinapant datasheet with this patient population. Our data show that KTX subsequent to liver transplantation

(TX) is generally safe and effective, with a possibly higher surgical complication rate than standard KTX. Outcomes analysis showed not statistically different patient survival of KTXs performed after liver

transplant (KALT) compared with KTX alone. Death censored graft survival was statistically lower in the KALT group but this largely accrued in the first three yr after transplant and was nearly equivalent by 10 yr.”
“PURPOSE: To assess the stability of the Akreos AO intraocular lens (IOL) platform with a simulated tom design using objective image analysis.

SETTING: Six hospital eye clinics across Europe.

METHODS: After implantation in 1 eye of patients, IOLs with orientation marks were imaged at 1 to 2 days, 7 to 14 days, 30 AZD1390 manufacturer to 60 days, and 120 to 180 days. The axis of rotation and IOL centration were objectively assessed using validated image analysis.

RESULTS: The study enrolled 107 patients with a mean age of 69.9 years +/- 7.7 (SD) The image quality was sufficient for IOL rotation analysis in 91% of eyes. The mean rotation between the first day postoperatively and 120 to 180 days was 1.93 +/- 2.33 degrees, with 96% of IOLs rotating fewer than 5 degrees and 99% rotating fewer than 10 degrees. There was no significant rotation between visits and no clear bias in the direction of rotation. In 71% of eyes, the dilation and image quality was sufficient for image analysis of centration. The mean change in centration between 1 day and 120 to 180 days was 0.21 +/- 0.11 mm, with all IOLs decentering less than 0.5 mm. There was no significant decentration between visits and no clear bias in the direction of the decentration.

We have measured the single-crystal elastic moduli of high-purity cBN with high precision by Brillouin scattering measurements, making an effort to minimize experimental uncertainties. We

obtain values of C(11) = 798.4 +/- 1.7 GPa, C(44) = 469.0 +/- 1.0 GPa, and C(12) = 172.4 +/- 1.1 GPa, from which the isotropic aggregate bulk modulus Ks = 381.1 +/- 1.3 GPa and shear modulus G = 398.8 +/- 1.2 GPa (the Hill average) were calculated. Our results improve the precision and reduce the uncertainties in the elastic moduli of high-purity cBN as a reference for future high P-T pressure scales. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3561496]“
“Blood pressure, one of the important vital signs, is affected by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Recently, several genome-wide association (GWA) studies have successfully identified genetic

factors that influence Selleckchem LY294002 blood pressure and hypertension risk. In this study, we report results of the Korean Association REsource (KARE, 8842 subjects) GWA study on blood pressure and hypertension risk. In all, 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that showed significant association with hypertension were further analysed for replication associations in the Health2 project (7861 subjects). Among these 10 SNPs, 3 were replicated in the Health2 cohort for an association with systolic or diastolic blood pressure. The most significant SNP (rs17249754 located in ATPase, Ca(++) transporting, plasma membrane 1 (ATP2B1)) has been previously reported,

and the other two LB-100 ic50 SNPs are rs1378942 in the c-src tyrosine kinase (CSK) gene and rs12945290 in the arylsulphatase G (ARSG) gene. An additional hypertension case-control study confirmed that rs17249754 (in ATP2B1) increases hypertension risk in both the KARE and Health2 (meta-analysis, P-value = 4.25 x 10(-9)) cohorts. One more SNP, rs995322, located in AZD9291 cell line the CUB and Sushi multiple domains 1 (CSMD1), is also associated with increased risk of hypertension (meta-analysis, P-value = 1.00 x 10(-4)). Despite the difficulty of obtaining replication results for a complex trait genetic association between blood pressure and hypertension, we were able to identify consistent genetic factors in both the Korean cohorts in ATP2B1, CSK, ARSG and CSMD1 genes. Journal of Human Hypertension (2010) 24, 367-372; doi:10.1038/jhh.2009.86; published online 19 November 2009″
“A real-time study to the evolution of the mechanisms of degradation of both PP powder and PP granular during the mixing process was achieved. A quantitative analysis of combination of the rheological torque-time curves obtained by a Haake rheometer with FTIR spectra was made. The construction of a series of the characteristic functions of the torque-time curve and the FTIR characteristic functions for polypropylene (PP) made the real time and quantitative analysis relatively profound.

05) in BB and PB starches. Swelling factor (SF) in the temperature range 60 to 85 degrees C and at 90 degrees C followed the order: FB>BB similar to PB and BB similar to PB>FB, respectively. Differences in SF among cultivars of FB and BB starches were more significant (P<0.05) at temperatures below 80 degrees C, whereas, in PB starches, differences among cultivars were more significant (P<0.05) at temperatures above 80 degrees C. Variations in peak viscosity, viscosity breakdown

and set-back were marginal among FB cultivars, but were significant (P<0.05) among BB and PB (PB>BB) cultivars. FR starches were hydrolyzed by 2.2 N HCl at a faster rate than BB and PB starches (BB>PB). The amounts of rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), resistant starch (RS), hydrolysis index (HI) and expected glycemic index (eGI) followed the click here order: FB>BB similar to PB, FB>BB similar to PB, BB similar to PB>FB, FB>BB>PB and FB>BB>PB, respectively. Variations in RDS, SDS. RS, HI and eGI among cultivars followed the order: PB>BB>FB. The in vitro digestibility studies showed that PB and BB starches may be more effective LEE011 manufacturer than FB starches in controlling blood glucose levels. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Sessile growth of anaerobic

bacteria from the human intestinal tract has been poorly investigated, so far. We recently reported data on the close association existing between biliary stent clogging and polymicrobial biofilm development

in its lumen. By exploiting the explanted stents as a rich source of anaerobic bacterial strains belonging to the genera Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Finegoldia, Prevotella, and Veillonella, the present study focused on their ability to adhere, to grow in sessile mode and to form in vitro mono- or dual-species biofilms. Experiments on dual-species biofilm formation were planned see more on the basis of the anaerobic strains isolated from each clogged biliary stent, by selecting those in which a couple of anaerobic strains belonging to different species contributed to the polymicrobial biofilm development. Then, strains were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy to reveal if they are able to grow as mono- and/or dual-species biofilms. As far as we know, this is the first report on the ability to adhere and form mono/dual-species biofilms exhibited by strains belonging to the species Bacteroides oralis, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium baratii, Clostridium fallax, Clostridium bifermentans, Finegoldia magna, and Fusobacterium necrophorum.”
“We hypothesized that, at a common age endpoint, adipose tissue from corn-fed steers would be less sensitive to insulin than adipose tissue from hay-fed steers. Angus steers were assigned to either a corn-based diet (n = 6) or hay-based diet (n = 6) and fed to common days on feed.

If the distance is narrow, an alternative surgical method, such as microdiscectomy or conventional open discectomy, should be considered.”
“Background: Rotator cuff tears are very common, but little is known about the outcome of nonoperative treatment of symptomatic tears in terms of progression and the need for surgical intervention.

Methods: Fifty-nine Go 6983 datasheet shoulders in fifty-four patients (thirty-three women and a mean age of 58.8 years) with rotator cuff tears on initial magnetic resonance imaging who had been managed nonoperatively

were studied retrospectively. All had magnetic resonance imaging scans acquired six months or more after the initial study. The progression of the rotator cuff tears was associated with age, anatomical and associated parameters, follow-up time, and structural and other magnetic resonance imaging findings.

Results: Baseline magnetic resonance

imaging scans demonstrated thirty-three full-thickness tears, twenty-six partial-thickness tears, and four combined full-thickness and partial-thickness tears. Fifty-eight of the fifty-nine tears involved the supraspinatus tendon, and ten involved multiple tendons. Progression in tear size occurred more often among the patients who were followed more than eighteen months (thirteen [48%] of twenty-seven shoulders) BGJ398 cost compared with those who were followed for less than eighteen months (six [19%] of thirty-two shoulders). Five tears (one partial-thickness tear)

decreased in size. More than half (52%; seventeen) of the thirty-three full-thickness tears increased in size compared with 8% (two) of the twenty-six partial-thickness tears (p = 0.0005). Only 17% (six) of the thirty-five tears in patients who were sixty years old or less deteriorated compared with 54% (thirteen) of the twenty-four tears in patients who were more than sixty years old (p = 0.007). No shoulder in a patient with a partial-thickness tear demonstrated supraspinatus atrophy, whereas 24% of those with a full-thickness tear demonstrated atrophy (p = 0.007). The proportion with an increase in tear size was significantly larger for shoulders with fatty infiltration than for those without it (p = 0.0089).

Conclusions: Factors that are associated with progression of a rotator cuff tear are an age of more than sixty years, LBH589 a full-thickness tear, and fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff muscle(s). In the long-term follow-up of nonoperatively treated rotator cuff tears, magnetic resonance imaging can be used to monitor rotator cuff changes and guide patient management.”
“The aim of the present study is to compare the inhibitory effects of liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B15 by glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid, which are the bioactive ingredients isolated from licorice, an herbal medicine derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza species.

Our CPs encompass the pre-operative, peri-operative, and post-operative period, including both outpatient and inpatient care. We propose that transplantation is an ideal forum for successful implementation of CP, given the rigorous process that centers are subject to for CMS approval and LBH589 nmr the ample opportunity for improving our patients lives by improvement in and streamlining of the entire process of clinical care from end-stage organ failure to post-transplant long-term management. Our CPs can be found at .”
“We describe the electroencephalographic and clinical seizure manifestations of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent epilepsy (PLP-DE) in two patients [diagnosis confirmed by low cerebrospinal

fluid (CSF) PLP, complete resolution of previously intractable seizures with PLP supplementation, negative pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy CSF biomarkers, and/or positive disease causing pyridox(am)ine 5'-phosphate oxidase gene mutation] along with a comprehensive review of the literature. One patient presented with neonatal tonic status epilepticus with subsequent generalized tonic-clonic

seizures, and the second, with refractory complex partial seizures starting at 2 years of age. The pretreatment EEG revealed, interictally, burst suppression, multifocal independent sharp waves, and electrical status epilepticus in sleep. FK506 solubility dmso Ictally and interictally, it revealed runs of unilateral spike/slow waves. Previously reported features include burst suppression, myoclonus, tonic seizures, clonic seizures, and spasms. In the appropriate clinical scenario, the aforementioned features should raise the possibility of PLP-DE and appropriate treatment should be initiated. The first late-onset case (at 2 years) of PLP-DE is reported. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Superparamagnetic nanostructures are becoming increasingly important as tools for biological and medical applications. We report the study of the movement of rod-shaped assemblies of superparamagnetic nanocrystals under the

action of a rotating magnetic field. The dynamic was characterized by means of light scattering detection at different selleck chemicals frequencies and for different values of the intensity of the applied external field. The possibility to correlate the motion to the viscosity of the medium is used to monitor viscosity changes inside the liquid. We propose this technique as a valuable tool to monitor viscosity at microscale for application in biological studies. (c) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3638695]“
“Chatzizacharias NA, Vaidya A, Sinha S, Sharples E, Smith R, Jones G, Brockmann J, Friend PJ. Risk analysis for deterioration of renal function after pancreas alone transplant. ?Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01534.x.(C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Comparisons of

experimentally evolved sites to variation seen among wild phage suggest that at least some of the adaptive mechanisms seen in the laboratory are relevant to adaptation in nature. Elucidation of these mechanisms is aided by the availability of capsid and pro-capsid structures for phi X174 and builds on years of genetic studies of the phage life history.”
“Polyacrylonitrile solutions in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were electrospun into nanofibers by charging the polymer fluid in an electric field. Controlled experiments EPZ004777 molecular weight were performed using a needle type spinneret to investigate the effect of various electrospinning parameters on the percentage conversion of polymeric fluid into fibers and on fiber diameter obtained. It was found that when the polymeric fluid was continuously fed at a constant rate, application of a minimum electrospinning voltage (MEV) was necessary to “”completely”" convert the ejected fluid

into nanojets to form nanofibers. Also, that the maximum amount of splitting or elongation that a polymeric fluid could undergo was primarily dependent on number of entanglements per chain in the fluid. This resulted in obtaining nanofibers with a particular diameter irrespective of the values of important electrospinning variables such as applied voltage, flow rates, and distance between the electrodes. On the other hand, MEV, necessary to obtain full conversion into nanofibers, was found to be strongly dependent on the spinning parameters and was unique for a given set of parameters. The significance of the MEV was buy BTSA1 evident from the fact that the square of the MEV, which is a measure of the electrical energy utilized by the system, was found to be directly

proportional to the rate of formation of fiber surface area during PF-00299804 concentration the electrospinning process. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 856-866, 2011″
“We have probed the dynamic and static behavior of one-dimensional linear chain of magnetostatically coupled Ni80Fe20 elements using ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy and magneto-optic Kerr effect measurement techniques. When compared with isolated elements of similar dimensions, we observed that both the FMR curves and magnetization reversal process of the coupled elements are strongly influenced by the strong magnetostatic interactions. We have modeled the effect of magnetostatic coupling, by extracting the demagnetizing factors for the isolated element from the experimental data using least square fitting method. Our experimental results are in good agreement with theory. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3535413]“
“Understanding pathogen infectivity and virulence requires combining insights from epidemiology, ecology, evolution and genetics.