[DOI: 10 1063/1 3153115]“
“Background:

[DOI: 10.1063/1.3153115]“
“Background: Blebbistatin KGFR(keratinocyte growth factor receptor), exclusively expressed in epithelial cells, plays an important role in wound healing. However, mechanisms of KGFR activation and signaling in wound healing are not clearly understood.

Objectives: We utilized an in vitro mechanical wounding model to examine ligand-independent KGFR activation, its regulation by reactive oxygen species (RCS) and the functional significance of this activation mechanism.

Methods: Confluent HaCaT cell line cultures were mechanically wounded and KGFR internalization and phosphorylation were examined using immunostaining

with confocal microscopy and immunoprecipitation with Western blotting, Wounding-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and ligand-independent

activation of KGFR were examined. In addition, phosphorylation of its associated molecules FRS2 and c-Src were examined in the presence and absence of the ROS and pathway specific inhibitors. The importance of this activation process on cell migration was also examined in the presence and absence of these inhibitors.

Results: Mechanical wounding induced ligand-independent KGFR activation and internalization. KGFR internalization and phosphorylation was associated with ROS generation along the wound edge and scavenging of ROS with NAC inhibited KGFR phosphorylation. Intracellularly, c-Src was phosphorylated by wounding but its inhibitor, PP1, significantly inhibited KGFR activation and associated FRS2 phosphorylation. Mechanical wounding induced wound edge Migration, which was significantly reduced by the selective receptor and ITF2357 cost pathway inhibitors PP1 (82.7%), KGFR inhibitor SU5402 (70%) and MAN inhibitor PD98059 (57%).

Conclusion: I-BET151 molecular weight Mechanical wounding induces significant ROS generation at the wound edge which, in turn, induced ligand-independent KGFR and FRS2 activation via c-Src kinase signaling. Functionally, downstream MAPK signaling induced wound edge cell migration. (C) 2008 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

have been reported to modulate the immune response in aquatic animals, but the collected information of their effects on fish immunity is so far ambiguous. This study demonstrated that Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) exposure altered the expression pattern of an antimicrobial peptide hepcidin (PM-hepc) gene and the activities of some immune-associated parameters in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged red sea bream (Pagrus major). It was observed that LPS could increase respiratory burst, lysozyme and antibacterial activity in P. major. However when the P. major was exposed to different concentrations of BaP (1, 4, or 8 mu g L-1) for 14 days and then challenged with LPS there was no significant change in the lysozyme and antibacterial activity.

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