PCR primers (all obtained from Eurofins MWG Operon, Ebersberg, Germany) were as follows: hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase 1, 5′-GAC-CAG-TCA-ACA-GGG-GAC-AT-3′ (forward) BVD-523 cell line and 5′-CTT-GCG-ACC-TTG-ACC-ATC-TT-3′ (reverse); MIC A, 5′-GTA-TTG-GGA-CCG-GAA-CAC-AC-3′ (forward) and 5′-ATG-CTC-TGG-AGG-GTG-TGA-GA-3′

(reverse); MIC B, 5′-TGC-CAT-GAA-GAC-CAA-GAC-AC-3′ (forward) and 5′-GGG-GCA-CTG-TTC-TCC-TGA-T-3′ (reverse); NKG2D, 5′-TTC-AGA-TAT-CCC-CAA-GGC-TG-3′ (forward) and 5′-TGA-TCT-GCT-GGC-CTT-CTC-TT-3′ (reverse); tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)–death receptor 5 (DR5), 5′-CAC-TGG-AAT-GAC-CTC-CTT-TTC-3′ (forward) and 5′-CTT-CCG-GCA-CAT-CTC-AGG-3′ (reverse); CD95/Fas, 5′-CAA-AGC-CCA-TTT-TTC-TTC-CA-3′ (forward) and 5′-TTT-GGT-TTA-CAT-CTG-CAC-TTG-G-3′ (reverse); collagen 1α (I), 5′-AAC-AGC-CGC-TTC-ACC-TAC-AG-3′ (forward) and 5′-GGA-GGT-CTT-GGT-GGT-TTG-GT-3′ (reverse); and α-small muscle actin, 5′-TTC-GTT-ACT-ACT-GCT-GAG-CGT-GAG-A-3′ (forward) and 5′-AAG-GAT-GGC-TGG-AAC-AGG-GTC-3′ (reverse). CD95/Fas and Fas ligand concentrations were determined by sandwich enzyme-linked Epigenetics Compound Library purchase immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Plates precoated with human Fas/TNF RSF6 and human Fas ligand/TNF SF6 monoclonal antibodies (Quantikine ELISA kit, R&D Systems, Wiesbaden, Germany) were blocked by adding 15% bovine serum albumin, washed, and incubated with the standard or patients’ sera. Patients’ sera were

diluted 1:3 in 7.5% bovine serum albumin. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm. Cell death markers M30 (for apoptosis) and M65 (for overall cell death) were assessed both in the sera of patients and healthy controls using the M30 (Apoptosense) and M65 ELISA kit (both from Peviva, Bromma, Sweden) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Whereas M30 is a cytokeratin-18 neo-epitope only exposed upon apoptotic cleavage by activated

caspase-3,19 M65 reflects total cleaved and uncleaved cytokeratin-18. MIC A/B are induced upon cellular distress conditions such as DNA damage, malignant transformation, or intracellular infection.20–23 Therefore, sections were counterstained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole–containing ProLong antifade reagent (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany), and apoptotic hepatocytes were quantitated medchemexpress by way of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, which enzymatically labels free 3′ OH ends of damaged DNA with a fluorescently labeled nucleotide as described.24 Cells displaying TUNEL-labeled fluorescent nuclei were quantified by counting the number of positive cells per high-power field. A total of 10 high-power fields were analyzed for each patient with excitation and emission wavelengths of 380 and 430 nm, respectively, using an inverted laser scanning confocal microscope (LSM 510, Carl Zeiss Micro-Imaging, Göttingen, Germany) equipped with a ×40 NA 1.4 lens and LSM 510 imaging software.