“
“The functional role of presynaptic gamma-aminobutyric

acid (GABA)(A) receptors in excitatory glutamatergic transmission was examined in rat periaqueductal gray neurons recorded using a conventional whole-cell patch clamp technique. Muscimol, a GABA(A) receptor agonist, significantly increased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents without affecting their amplitude, and this effect was completely blocked by the selective GABA(A) receptor antagonist. The muscimol-induced facilitation of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current frequency disappeared check details either in the presence of tetrodotoxin or Cd2+. The results suggest that the activation of presynaptic GABA(A) receptors directly depolarizes glutamatergic terminals resulting in the facilitation of spontaneous glutamate release, and that presynaptic GABA(A) receptors play an important role in the regulation of various physiological functions mediated by the periaqueductal gray. NeuroReport 22:834-838 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams &

Wilkins.”
“It has been suggested that poor habituation to stimuli might explain atypical sensory behaviours in autism. We investigated habituation to repeated sounds using an oddball paradigm in 9-month-old LEE011 mouse infants with an older sibling with autism and hence at high risk for developing autism. Auditory-evoked responses to repeated sounds in control infants (at low risk of developing autism) decreased over time, demonstrating habituation, and their responses to deviant sounds were larger than responses to standard sounds, indicating discrimination. In contrast, neural responses in infants at high risk showed less habituation and a reduced sensitivity to changes in frequency. Reduced sensory habituation may be present at a younger age than the emergence of autistic behaviour in some individuals, and we propose that this could play a role in the over responsiveness Selleck Trichostatin A to some stimuli and undersensitivity

to others observed in autism. NeuroReport 22:845-849 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Purpose: We determined the incidence of urinary tract cancer in patients with hematuria, stratified risk by age, gender and hematuria degree, and examined current best policy recommendations.

Materials and Methods: We performed a large, retrospective population based cohort study of patients who underwent microscopic urinalysis during 2004 and 2005 in a large managed care organization. Patients were followed for 3 years for urinary tract cancer.

Results: We identified 772,002 patients who underwent urinalysis during the study period. After exclusions due to previous hematuria, age less than 18 years, pregnancy, urinary tract infection, inpatient status and prior urinary tract cancer 309,402 patients were available for analysis, of whom 156,691 had hematuria. The overall 3-year incidence of urinary tract cancer in those with hematuria was 0.68%.