“
“Purpose of review
Our understanding of the pathogenesis of the inflammatory myopathies suggests an interplay between adaptive, innate immune, and nonimmune mechanisms in the damage and dysfunction that occur in myopathic muscle tissue. This review gives an update on the recent findings concerning some of these mechanisms and their relevance to disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
Recent findings
The presence of several additional immune cell types (CD-28 null T cells, regulatory T cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, plasma cells) and their roles in the Selleckchem JNJ-26481585 various subsets of myositis are discussed. Likewise
several new autoantibodies (e.g. 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A reductase and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5) and their association with disease phenotype are described. The review also discusses emerging evidence that cytokines (type 1 interferon) and Toll-like
receptor signaling influence the local immune cell activation and response. The mechanisms involved in muscle degeneration are not clearly defined, but recent studies APR-246 ic50 point to a role for nonimmune mechanisms such as endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in skeletal muscle cell death and dysfunction in myositis.
Summary
The muscle microenvironment in inflammatory myopathy is complex. Multiple players such as adaptive and innate immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines as well as nonimmune mechanisms
are involved. Understanding the nature of the relevant cell types and the molecular pathways underlying particular disease phenotypes should help to define therapeutic targets for myositis.”
“Approximately 20-30 % of women suffer from recurrent cystitis. Recently, the problem of bacterial internalization, especially by Escherichia coli, has been significantly emerging as the main cause of recurrent episodes. It is believed that such a process is favored by damage to the urothelial mucous membrane. Concerning this, intravesical therapy with hyaluronic acid alone or in association with chondroitin sulfate was shown to improve GSK2245840 urothelium thickness and reduction of bacterial load in the urine. The aim of our study was to assess whether intravesical therapy with hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) is more effective than antibiotic therapy in reducing episodes and symptoms of recurrent urinary tract infections. We compared the number of recurring episodes in three groups of patients affected by recurrent urinary tract infections assigned to three different therapeutic regimens: the first group was treated only with HA and CS, the second group with HA and CS associated with fosfomycin, and the third group was treated only with fosfomycin (F). We assessed the number of recurrent episodes for each patient that occurred during a 6- to 12-month follow-up. The results showed 72.