In conclusion, this work provides EX 527 clinical trial a large repertoire of S. oryzae EST coding sequences that will help in future molecular and functional investigations, both into symbiosis and other topics related to insect physiology and development. Transcriptomic analyses have elucidated the bacteriome local immune response and indicated
new cellular regulations of potential interest in intracellular symbiosis. Moreover, data provided on host immunocompetence variations in relation to symbiosis broaden and reinforce the idea that invertebrate symbiotic associations may have shaped some host immune functions. This work should stimulate further genetic and functional studies to determine
how immunity is modified to accommodate the symbiont partner and how endosymbionts manipulate the immune response for their own survival and to enable the host to resist pathogens. Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge M. S. Panobinostat order Méresse for providing Salmonella typhimurium strains and V. James for the English corrections. The authors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticisms. SSH, non-normalized and normalized libraries were realized by the Evrogen Company (Moscow, Russia). S. oryzae EST sequences were obtained within the framework of the program “Functional Genomics and Immune Signaling in Invertebrate Endosymbiosis” coordinated by AH in collaboration with the “Centre National de Séquençage, Genoscope” (Evry, France). This work was supported by INRA, INSA de Lyon, the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-06-BLANC-0316 “”EndoSymbArt”", ANR-2010-BLAN-170101 “ImmunSymbArt”) and the COST action FA0701 (Arthropod Symbioses). This article has been published as part of BMC Microbiology Volume 11 Supplement 1, 2012: Arthropod symbioses: from fundamental studies to pest and disease mangement. The full contents of the
supplement are available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/12?issue=S1. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Primers used for transcriptomic study (PDF 51 KB) Additional file 2: Results ID-8 of functional enrichment on SSHA and SSHB (PDF 56 KB) Additional file 3: Eukaryotic sequences generated in SSHA (PDF 65 KB) Additional file 4: Characteristics of sequences used in transcriptomic study (PDF 64 KB) References 1. O’Neill SL, Karr TL: Bidirectional incompatibility between conspecific populations of Drosophila simulans. Nature 1990,348(6297):178–180.PubMedCrossRef 2. Stouthamer R, Breeuwert JA, Luck RF, Werren JH: Molecular identification of microorganisms associated with parthenogenesis. Nature 1993,361(6407):66–68.PubMedCrossRef 3.