Perception of structural barriers to testing in this sample did not seem to be determinant, as 81% of those never tested were confident that they could take a test. Previously, a low perceived risk of infection was the single most important barrier (reported by 80%) to testing found in a sample of 301 participants diagnosed between 2005 and 2008 in Portugal (18% were MSM) [6] but further studies are needed to address Afatinib nmr this question in this specific population. Family doctors, hospitals and community HIV testing services were the most common providers of testing, but the

proportion of MSM who used blood banks for HIV testing was high (7%), even though the current policy in Portugal is to screen MSM out of blood donations. As for contextual factors associated with HIV testing, while confidentiality Epacadostat cost and respect were considered satisfactory, counselling was considered satisfactory by only half of the participants and more than one third did not receive any counselling at their last test, highlighting the need to reinforce the importance of counselling and its quality among health professionals and social workers. We could not assess the extent to which MSM voluntarily opted out

of counselling. HIV testing is required to ensure that infected individuals enter clinical care and receive appropriate treatment in a Cediranib (AZD2171) timely fashion. About three-quarters of our sample had taken at least one HIV test during their lifetime, and 11% were diagnosed with HIV infection. Linkage to care was almost universal (94%) but was not completely

predictive of ART coverage or viral load undetectability. In recent years there has been a renewed emphasis on testing with the focus on treatment as prevention [7] but this strategy will only work if infected people are diagnosed earlier and indeed treated effectively. In our sample, over one third of those infected who had detectable or unknown/undisclosed viral load reported at least one episode of UAI with a partner of unknown or serodiscordant HIV status in the last 12 months. These findings stress the need to clearly communicate that even someone on treatment might still be infectious and thus consistent condom use should be strongly encouraged for most MSM, even in times of broad access to and uptake of ART. Limitations: Although the sample was large, representing 5187 MSM in Portugal, it was non-random. The EMIS data are likely to be biased towards those who are better educated and internet-literate, and probably more familiar with the gay subculture. Nonetheless, despite the self-selection and recall biases, this is the largest sample of MSM ever studied in Portugal.