Research on the Tucidinostat datasheet effects of caffeine in strength-power sports or activities,

while varied in results and design, suggest that supplementation may help trained strength and power athletes. Therefore, future research should examine the effect of caffeine habituation and supplementation on strength and/or high-intensity short duration exercise. Of particular interest, is the lack of significant finding for lower body strength as compared to upper body performance. Caffeine and Women Research investigations that have examined the role of caffeine supplementation in endurance, high-intensity, or strength-trained women is scant, especially in comparison to publications that have investigated these dynamics in men. As previously indicated, Anderson and colleagues [75] examined the effect of both a moderate and high dose (6 and 9 mg/kg)

of caffeine in competitively trained oarswomen. Results from a 2,000 m row performance signified the higher selleck products dose of caffeine buy TEW-7197 (9 mg/kg) resulted in a significant improvement in time by 1.3%, with performance enhancement most evident in the first 500 m of the row. In addition, no significant increase in performance was reported for the lower dose or placebo; but the 6 mg/kg dose did result in a non-significant 0.7% improvement [75]. Motl et al. [78] examined the effects of a 5 and 10 mg/kg dose of caffeine on leg muscle pain during cycling to exhaustion at 60% VO2peak. Subjects were of average physical fitness and designated as non-habituated (consumed

less than 100 mg/day of caffeine). Based on a leg muscle pain ratings HAS1 scale, it was found that caffeine at both the 5 and 10 mg/kg dose significantly decreased leg muscle pain ratings during exercise [78]. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between the 5 and 10 mg dose [78]. The lack of a dose-dependent effect is in line with previously published investigations [8, 28, 32, 40]. In two different publications, Ahrens and colleagues [79, 80] examined the effects of caffeine supplementation on aerobic exercise in women. In one study [79] recreationally active women not habituated to caffeine participated in moderately-paced (3.5 mph) treadmill walking for eight minutes. In a double-blind manner, subjects randomly consumed caffeine mixed with water at either 3 or 6 mg/kg of body weight. The initial design included a 9 mg/kg dose, but during the first lab visit seven of ten subjects who received that treatment experienced profuse sweating, body tremors, dizziness, and vomiting. Results for the caffeine treatment at 6 mg/kg, as compared to 3 mg/kg and placebo, yielded a significant increase in energy expenditure at seven additional calories per 30 minutes of moderate walking [79]. From a research standpoint the increase in VO2 (0.67 ml/kg/min, equivalent to an increase in rate of energy expenditure of 0.23 kcal/min) is significant; however, in a practical setting it seems slightly less considerable.