Substrates (mucin, fucose, galactose, mannose, gluconic acid, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, galactosamine, and glucosamine) were added at 10 mg/mL. A mixture of 5 strains of nalidixic
acid-resistant (Nal(R)) E. coli O157 strains was added to each fermentation and concentrations were determined after 0, 6, 12, and 24 h of incubation. selleck chemical In ruminal fermentations, fucose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucosamine, galactosamine, and mucin had no effect on Nal(R) E. coli O157 concentration compared with the control (no substrate added) fermentation. At 24 h of fermentation, the mean concentration of Nal(R) E. coli O157 in fermentations with galactose was less than the control. However, including gluconic acid as substrate increased
Nal(R) E. coli O157 concentration at 24 h. In fecal fermentations, mannose, galactose, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucosamine, and mucin increased Nal(R) E. coli O157 growth compared with control at 24 h, whereas galactosamine and fucose did not. Gluconic acid was the most stimulatory substrate, increasing Nal(R) E. coli O157 by more than 1.0 log in ruminal fermentations and 2.0 log in fecal fermentations. In summary, availability of mucous constituents, particularly gluconic acid, may explain the greater prevalence of E. coli O157 in the large intestine compared with the rumen of the digestive tract.”
“PURPOSE: To evaluate the between-observer (interobserver) and between-instrument IWR-1-endo nmr (intraobserver) variability in flap thickness measurements after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using spectral-domain and time-domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT).
SETTING: Singapore National Eye Centre.
DESIGN: Evaluation of diagnostic test or technology.
METHODS: Two independent masked observers measured flap thickness 1 month after LASIK using spectral-domain (RTVue) or time-domain Cl-amidine (Visante) AS-OCT. The measurements were taken at central (0.0 mm), -1.5 mm, and +1.5 mm locations. Measurements were repeated to assess between-instrument variability.
RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in mean flap thickness
between the 2 observers at -1.5 mm, 0.0 mm, and +1.5 mm on spectral-domain AS-OCT and at -1.5 mm and +1.5 mm on time-domain AS-OCT (P < .01). There was a statistically significant difference between the 2 observers in the central (0.0 mm) values on time-domain AS-OCT (P = .0008). There was stronger interobserver correlation for spectral-domain AS-OCT at -1.5 mm (r = 0.82), 0.0 mm (r = 0.88), and +1.5 mm (r = 0.88) than for time-domain AS-OCT (r = 0.73, r = 0.62, and r = 0.79, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in between-instrument measurements. There was stronger between-instrument correlation with spectral-domain AS-OCT than with time-domain AS-OCT at all locations. The mean standard deviation (measure of instrument repeatability) for spectral-domain AS-OCT was 4.19 mu m.