The extant gene x environment research, however, has failed to measure directly the ways in which global measures of genetic risk may interact with a putative environmental

risk factor. The current study addresses this gap in the literature and examines the interrelationships among a global measure of genetic risk based on five genetic polymorphisms, a measure of parent-child relations, and eight antisocial phenotypes. Analysis of African-American males (N = 145 to 159) drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) revealed two broad findings. First. the genetic risk and parent-child relations scales were inconsistently related to the outcome variables. Second, genetic risk and parent-child relations interacted to predict variation

AZD9291 concentration in all of the eight antisocial phenotype measures. These findings point to the possibility that measures of genetic risk that are based on LCZ696 mw multiple polymorphisms can be employed to examine the gene x environmental basis to antisocial behavioral phenotypes. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is disproportionately carried by low-income and middle-income countries and disadvantaged sectors of society such as prisoners. No systematic analysis has been done to assess the prevalence of poor diet, inadequate physical activity, and overweight and obesity in prisoners. We aim to synthesise current evidence and to highlight areas for action and further research.

Methods We systematically searched Selleck EPZ-6438 online databases for reports published between 1948 and May, 2011. Studies were screened against eligibility criteria; two authors then independently extracted data with previously agreed proformas. The risk of bias was assessed for each study with a domain-based assessment. Data on body-mass index and physical activity were presented in forest plots; no overall estimates were calculated on account of data heterogeneity. Available data from the population subgroup most similar in terms of age and sex were used

to calculate age-adjusted and sex-adjusted prevalence ratios, which estimate the likelihood of insufficient activity and obesity prevalence in prisoners compared with the national population.

Findings 31 eligible studies were reported in 29 publications, including more than 60 000 prisoners in 884 institutions in 15 countries. Male prisoners were less likely to be obese than males in the general population (prevalence ratios ranged from 0.33 to 0.87) in all but one study (1.02, 0.92-1.07), whereas female prisoners were more likely to be obese than non-imprisoned women in the USA (1.18, 1.08-1.30) and Australia (prevalence ratios ranged from 1.15 to 1.20). Australian prisoners were more likely to achieve sufficient activity levels than the general population compared with prisoners in the UK (prevalence ratio 1.