These are widespread in the plant kingdom and play crucial roles in biotic/abiotic stress responses, as well as in processes related to plant growth and development. Recently, it has been shown that jasmonates are also involved in reproductive processes. We present the most recent findings related to the biosynthesis, regulation and signaling mechanisms GDC-0973 MAPK inhibitor of jasmonates. Additionally, we discuss the identification of [(+)-7-iso-JA-L-Ile] as the active biological hormonal form of jasmonate; this fills the greatest gap in our knowledge about the signaling mechanism that is responsible for the activation of downstream genes in the

jasmonate-signaling cascade. The identification of several Arabidopsis thaliana mutants was crucial to the elucidation of the signaling mechanisms involved in jasmonate-mediated responses. Finally, the involvement of jasmonates in the reproductive process of Nicotiana tabacum L. is briefly discussed, since some of the main enzymes

of the jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway were identified in a stigma/style expressed sequence tag database (TOBEST) of this Solanaceae species.”
“Objective-To describe reports of animals exposed to metaldehyde- and iron phosphate-containing molluscicides and characterize iron phosphate exposure incidents in dogs with clinical signs compatible with iron toxicosis.

Design-2-part retrospective case series.

Sample-1,500 reports of animals exposed to molluscicides containing metaldehyde (n = this website 1,285) or iron 17-AAG phosphate between 2001 and 2011 (n = 215; part 1) and a subset of 56 reports involving 61 dogs with suspected

iron toxicosis (part 2).

Procedures-In part 1, a National Pesticide Information Center database was searched to identify reported exposures to metaldehyde- and iron phosphate-containing molluscicides before, during, and after a regulatory transition affecting metaldehyde product labeling beginning in 2006. Source of the report, number of animals, clinical signs, and deaths were evaluated. In part 2, reports involving potential iron toxicosis in dogs were additionally reviewed for signalment, circumstances of exposure, and product identification.

Results-Reports of metaldehyde exposures decreased each year between 2006 (n = 193) and 2011 (21), whereas reports of iron phosphate exposures increased between 2006 (n = 4) and 2010 (73); changes were not evaluated statistically. Animals had no clinical signs at the time of the call in 130 of 215 (60%) and 675 of 1,285 (53%) reports of iron phosphate and metaldehyde exposure, respectively. In dogs, 35 deaths were associated with metaldehyde exposure and no deaths were associated with iron phosphate exposure.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Veterinary professionals should be aware of the potential for iron toxicosis following exposure to iron phosphate-containing molluscicides.