Thus, the cakes presented good water retention capacity during their shelf-life. This probably occurred due to the fact that the fat acts as a moisture barrier when used in a recipe. The quality of bakery foods is affected

by moisture. With no fat to prevent moisture uptake, a baked product may pick up moisture and become soggy or lose moisture and dry out (Bennion & Bamford, 1997). Moreover, MS-275 ic50 WCF contains high levels of dietary fibre (Table 2), which helps to maintain the moisture of the product. Polysaccharides, such as dietary fibres, are hydrophilic molecules, with numerous free hydroxyl-groups which can form hydrogen bonds with water. Consequently, soluble and insoluble polysaccharides have the ability to hold water (Oakenfull, 2001). Furthermore, possible interactions between the fibre and

starch could occur, and this could delay starch retrogradation (Gómez, Ronda, Blanco, Caballero & Apesteguía, 2003) avoiding the loss of moisture during storage. Table 1 shows the values for cake firmness on storage days 1, 4 and 7. Equations ,  and  present the relationships between WCF and HVF for this parameter on storage days 1, 4 and 7. The three response surfaces obtained from the models were very similar, with displacement almost only along the Z axis (showing an increase in firmness during storage) ( Fig. 3). Moreover, a greater effect of HVF on firmness can be observed in relation to WCF and an increase FG-4592 mouse in HVF resulted in a decrease in firmness. The addition of intermediate concentrations of WCF (close to 15 g/100 g flour mixture) and the highest concentrations of HVF (>16 g/100 g flour mixture) resulted in less firm cakes. However, the addition of intermediate concentrations of WCF (close to 15 g/100 g flour mixture)

and the lowest concentrations of HVF (close to 12 g/100 g flour mixture) resulted in very firm cakes. This can be explained by the reduction in HVF, which resulted in a lower aeration capacity, worse crumb structure and, consequently, greater firmness. Lakshminarayan et al. (2006) also found that with a gradual reduction in the fat content of the cakes, they became less soft, requiring more force to compress them. This fact could also be isothipendyl a reflection of the lower specific volume observed in these WCF and HVF concentration ranges. According to Faridi (1985), the volume has an influence on crumb firmness, since for volumes obtained from equivalent weights, the differences in volume usually resulted in differences in wall thickness and gas cell size. A decrease in firmness is expected with an increase in the amount of WCF, since the WCF contributed to a decrease in the starch concentration of the cakes. It is believed that starch is one of the components responsible for the staling of bakery products, due the retrogradation process and its interaction with proteins (Lai & Lin, 2006).