, 2007). To compare relative expression levels of sas016 in wild type and mutant strains, overnight cultures were diluted to OD 0.05 in prewarmed LB broth and cultures grown to OD 1.5, except for the LCP triple mutant

that was sampled at OD 0.5 because of its severe growth defect. Uninduced culture samples were collected, and the remainder of the culture was induced with oxacillin (10 μg mL−1) for 30 min before induced samples were collected. Total RNA was extracted as described by Cheung et al. (1994). RNA samples (9 μg) were separated in a 1.5% agarose-20 mM guanidine thiocyanate gel in 1× TBE buffer (Goda & Minton, 1995). The sas016 digoxigenin (DIG)-labelled probe was amplified using the PCR DIG Probe synthesis kit (Roche) as previously described (Dengler et al., 2011). The transcriptional start site of sas016 was determined by primer extension, as previously described (McCallum et al., 2007), using primer LDK378 concentration SAS016.PErev (Table 1) and 20 μg of RNA BTK inhibitor price harvested from a culture of S. aureus COL that had been grown to OD 0.5 and induced with 10 μg mL−1 of teicoplanin for 30 min. The promoter region of the vraSR operon was PCR amplified from S. aureus strain COL using primer pair vra.lucF and vra.lucR (Table 1). The PCR product was digested with Asp718 and NcoI and ligated directly upstream of the promoterless luciferase

(luc+) gene in the vector pSP-luc+ (Promega). Fragments containing the resulting promoter-luc+ translational fusions were then excised with Asp718 and EcoRI and cloned into the Escherichia coli – S. aureus shuttle vector pBUS1 (Table 1). The fusion plasmids pvrap-luc+ Galeterone and psas016p-luc+ (McCallum et al., 2011) were then electroporated into S. aureus RN4220, re-isolated and electroporated into S. aureus SA113, SA113ΔtarO, MSSA1112 and all LCP and VraR/LCP mutants. Predicted VraR-binding sites of luciferase fusion constructs were disrupted by amplifying each promoter as two fragments, using primers listed in Table 1. Complementary fragments were digested and ligated together, to create recombinant promoters in which 6–18-bp regions were replaced by restriction

sites. Promoters were then fused to the luciferase gene as described above, and the resulting plasmids were electroporated into RN4220. To measure luciferase activities, cultures were grown from overnight cultures inoculated to an OD 0.05 in prewarmed LB broth containing tetracycline. One-millilitre culture samples were harvested by centrifugation, and the pellets frozen at −20 °C. To determine relative light units (RLU), pellets were thawed briefly and resuspended in PBS (pH 7.4) to an OD of either 10 or 1, depending on induction levels. Aliquots of the cell suspensions were then mixed with equal aliquots of Luciferase Assay System substrate (Promega), and luminescence was measured for 15 s after a delay of 3 s on a Turner Designs TD-20/20 luminometer (Promega) as previously described (Dengler et al., 2011).