Our results show that stimulus duration has little influence on the stimulus frequency dependence of BOLD signals in the rat somatosensory model. The discrepant results of most previous fMRI studies using gradient-echo sequence may be ascribed to the difference of imaging to enhance activation focus or draining vein. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax transactivator is known to induce or repress various cellular genes, several of them encoding transcription factors. As Tax is known to deregulate

various basic bHLH factors, we looked more specifically at its effect on TAL1 (T-cell CRT0066101 supplier acute lymphoblastic leukemia 1), also known as SCL (stem cell leukemia). Indeed, TAL1 is deregulated in a high percentage of T-cell

acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, and its oncogenic properties are well-established. Here we show that Tax induces transcription of this proto-oncogene by stimulating the activity of the TAL1 gene promoter Ib, through both the CREB and NF-kappa B pathways. It was also observed that TAL1 upregulates HTLV-1 promoter activity, in either the presence or the absence of Tax. The viral promoter is inhibited in trans by expression of JPH203 clinical trial the E2A protein E47, and TALI is able to abrogate this inhibition. These data show the existence of a positive feedback loop between Tax and TAL1 expression and support the notion Selleck HKI 272 that this proto-oncogene participates in generation of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma by increasing the amount of the Tax oncoprotein but also possibly by its own transforming activities.”
“In this work, we define a GFP-tagged version of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75GFP) as a useful molecular tool for studying its distribution and cellular dynamics. Expression and subcellular localization of p75GFP have been characterized in non-neuronal (HEK 293) and in neuronal (cortical and hippocampal) cells. By monitoring movements of intracellular p75GFP in living cultured hippocampal neurons, we found that the chimeric protein was transported by tubulo-vesicular

structures both anterogradely (0.1-0.5 mu m/s) and retrogradely (0.1-1.1 mu m/s), with a faster component in retrogradely moving structures. Movements of the p75GFP-containing structures were inhibited by treatment with the microtubule-disrupting agent nocodazole. Our data indicate that p75GFP is a reliable tool for studying spatial and cellular properties of p75 in CNS neurons and that p75 transport inside neurons is mediated by microtubule-associated motors. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“A majority of species B adenoviruses (Ads) use CD46 as their primary receptor; however, the precise mechanisms involved in the binding of different Ad types to CD46 have not been resolved.