Studies on skin symptoms in relation to exposure find more do exist (de Joode et al. 2007; Sripaiboonkij et al. 2009a, b), but even less information is available on the associations between exposure, skin, and respiratory symptoms as well as the relationship between skin and respiratory effects. Many occupational studies report the prevalence of both skin and respiratory symptoms but rarely explore the relationship between the two, or the prevalence of these symptoms coexisting. Lynde et al. (2009) reported that among male cleaners, those with skin symptoms were more likely to report respiratory symptoms. The mechanisms of

airborne and skin exposure are complex. Airborne and skin exposures can be related if they share sources, but these associations are

so far poorly studied (Schneider et al. 1999). Associations between skin and airborne exposures have been reported for bitumen and pyrene in road pavers, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in spray painters, methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI) in foundry works, solvents in spray painters, and nickel exposure in primary industries (McClean et al. 2004; Burstyn et al. 2002; Chang et al. 2007; Fent et al. 2008; Liljelind et al. 2010; Hughson and Cherrie. 2005). In two other studies, both involving pesticide exposure, there was no association found between skin and airborne exposure. The authors attribute this lack of association to the fact that the primary source of skin exposure was likely contact with contaminated foliage rather than the settling selleck kinase inhibitor of airborne pesticide (Flack et al. 2008; Aprea et al. 2009). Bakery and auto body shop workers have both skin and respiratory exposures to known occupational allergens, making them good

candidates for further study of exposure–response relationships for skin symptoms, as well as the relationship between skin and respiratory symptoms. Fluorometholone Acetate Bakery and auto body shop workers are at increased risk of occupational asthma (OA) as well as occupational skin disease (OSD) due to their workplace exposures: flour dust and diisocyanates, respectively (McDonald et al. 2005, 2006). Flour dust is a common cause of occupational asthma in bakers. Flour dust, which includes wheat and α-amylase allergens among others, contains high molecular weight (HMW) antigens which act through an IgE-mediated (Type I) immunological pathway to cause OA and contact urticaria, and can also cause contact dermatitis through a Type IV (cell-mediated) mechanism (Nethercott and Holness 1989). Isocyanates are a heterogeneous group of compounds, including monomers and oligomers, categorized as low molecular weight (LMW) antigens. The mechanism of action leading to isocyanate-induced OA is not yet fully understood and though IgE (Type I)-mediated processes do appear to play a role in some cases, other unrevealed mechanisms play a role in respiratory sensitization (Maestrelli et al. 2009; Wisnewski 2007).