The DSM-IV defines BIF as a total intelligence quotient (TIQ) ranging between 71 and 84. Intellective functioning was assessed using the Italian version of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), a well validated test for the developmental age between 6 and 16. For this study, selleck inhibitor 12 BIF and 17 healthy children, matched for sex and age, underwent an overnight PSG recording. Macrostructural sleep and CAP analysis were also performed. To our knowledge, this study represents the first attempt to evaluate sleep architecture and NREM instability organization in children with
BIF. Findings from this investigation evidence that BIF presents alterations in both macro- and microstructural sleep architecture, with an interesting statistical significant correlation with IQ. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: A decrease in the human
urethral rhabdosphincter is reported with aging due to apoptosis, which may be a cause of urinary incontinence in the elderly population. To explore this mechanism we investigated the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Upstate, Temecula, California) on human urethral rhabdosphincter satellite cells.
Materials and Methods: Human urethral rhabdosphincter satellite cells were cultured and selected by AZD6738 molecular weight magnetic affinity cell sorting, extended their life span. Apoptosis induction was examined by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Caspase cascade activation was determined by Western blot analysis. After tumor necrosis factor receptor expression was confirmed we determined the tumor necrosis factor signaling Interleukin-2 receptor pathway.
Results: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibited human urethral rhabdosphincter satellite cell proliferation. It caused some cells to stain positive for annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate but not for propidium iodide, suggesting the induction of early phase apoptosis. Flow cytometry revealed an increased sub-G1 fraction. Western blot analysis showed activation of caspase-8 and 3, and cleavage of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase. Tumor necrosis factor receptor expression at the mRNA and protein levels was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase
chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. IKBa phosphorylation was noted within 2 to 5 minutes after tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist etanercept (Wyeth, Collegeville, Pennsylvania) inhibited I kappa B alpha activation and reversed tumor necrosis factor-alpha effects on human urethral rhabdosphincter satellite cells.
Conclusions: Since tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces growth inhibition and apoptosis of human urethral rhabdosphincter satellite cells via tumor necrosis factor receptor activation, it may be involved in age related decreases in the number of human urethral rhabdosphincter cells and be a causative factor for urinary incontinence in the elderly population.