Thus, it is important to consider the Industrial Revolution as part of a broader long-term process of globalization that had been on-going for several centuries. We begin by discussing some of the major environmental changes associated with early modern globalization. Whereas the other papers in this special issue of the Anthropocene rightly draw attention to the flattened left

tail of the J curve prior to the Industrial Revolution (see Stiner et al., 2011:242–246), this article focuses on the initial upswing of this curve. We highlight the rapid deployment of managerial and mission colonies in the Americas and elsewhere, arguing that these colonial endeavors had significant reverberations in altering pre-existing http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pci-32765.html human–land relationships. We conclude our paper with a case study of environmental transformations as they played out during the colonialism of Alta and Baja California in the 1600s through the early 1800s. Specifically, this study examines how early modern colonialism in the Californias transformed anthropogenic landscapes created by indigenous peoples, and how commercial fur hunting and missionary agriculture further modified, in substantial

ways, local marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The emergence of early modern nations in Europe was a key factor in the transformation from feudalism to the global click here economies that began to unfold in the late 1400s and 1500s. Beginning with Spain and Portugal, and rapidly followed by the Netherlands, France, Great Britain, and other countries, these increasingly centralized polities,

defined by Wallerstein and others as core-states, initiated surplus producing strategies that involved intensified agrarian production, long-distance trade, mercantile networks, territorial expansion, and colonialism (Wallerstein, 1974, Wallerstein, 1980 and Wolf, 1982:101–125). The driving force in the creation of the new world order was the territorial expansion of the core-states into new lands from which valued goods and commodities could be exploited at great profit (Richards, 2003:17–20). This process of colonial expansion and world trade was accelerated by the advent of new transportation technologies, particularly the development of more efficient Chlormezanone and safer sailing vessels for moving people and goods across oceans. With state supported colonies becoming the lynchpin of this expanding global system, early modern nations competed with each other for the establishment of new outposts in Africa, East Asia, South Asia, Oceania, and the Americas from which minerals, timber, furs and skins, teas, spices, sugar, cotton, tobacco and other profit-generating goods could be obtained and/or produced. Our perception of European colonies tends to be colored by accounts of those peripheral places settled by European immigrants seeking a new and better life.

11598). Similarly, evidence for pig domestication begins around the same period in southeastern Anatolia (ca. 10,500–10,000 cal. BP) and cattle are documented in the upper Euphrates Valley between 11,000 and 10,000 cal. BP ( Ervynck et al., 2001, Helmer et al., 2005 and Zeder, 2009). The modern genetic data for these two species also identify lineages specific to the Fertile Crescent, clearly

demonstrating domestication events in this region ( Bradley and Magee, 2006, Larson et al., 2005 and Larson et al., 2007). Differences in subsequent distributions of these early domesticates is noteworthy and the rate of spread of animals varied Alpelisib nmr between species (Zeder, 2008, p. 11598). Goat management spread quickly and is documented throughout the Fertile Crescent by ca. 9500 cal. BP. In contrast, the spread of sheep management was ca. 500–1000 years slower and their widespread use throughout the Fertile Crescent is only evidenced by ca. 8500 cal. BP. Similarly,

domestic pigs and cattle are only found in the eastern and western extremes of the Fertile Crescent ca. 8500–8000 cal. BP, and morphologically distinctive domesticated cattle are not documented in central Anatolia until after 8500 cal. BP (Ervynck et al., 2001, Martin et al., 2002, Zeder, 2008 and Zeder, 2009). The domestication of plants in the Near East is similarly complex and the result of long processes of human–plant interactions beginning c. 12,000 cal. BP. Morphological traits of domestication become evident by 10,500 cal. BP (Nesbitt, 2002, Weiss et al., out 2006 and Zeder, 2008). Adriamycin order The combination of domestic plants and animals into a mixed agricultural economy is only documented ca. 9500 cal.

BP, several centuries after domestication of various species (Bar-Yosef and Meadow, 1995, Zeder, 2008 and Zeder, 2009), and all four clearly domesticated animal species are only documented in central Anatolia by 8500 cal. BP. The earliest evidence for plant and animal husbandry in mainland Europe comes from the Balkans beginning ca. 8500 cal. BP (e.g., Bailey, 2000 and Perlès, 2001)1 and within three millennia farming had spread throughout all of Europe to varying degrees (Fig. 1). The appearance of early agriculture in Europe has been characterized as a ‘package’ of domesticated plants, animals, and technologies introduced from the Near East. The remains of domestic animals and plants include sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus), cattle (Bos taurus), pig (Sus domesticus), and dog (Canis familiaris), as well as einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and legumes such as Haba beans (Vicia faba), lentils (Lens culinaris) and peas (Pisum sativum) ( Zohary and Hopf, 2000). Characteristic artifacts and features including polished stone axes, pottery, chipped stone industries, and house and storage architecture often accompany the domestic plants and animals, and clear shifts in land use are visible with the appearance of the new subsistence strategy.

At present, the majority of men and women at high risk of fracture are not diagnosed or treated [6] and several studies have suggested that the case-finding strategies endorsed in many countries perform less than well [7]. Several tools have been

developed to integrate risk factors such as age, low body weight, history of fractures and use of glucocorticoids into a single estimate of fracture risk for an individual. These tools are either aimed at identifying individuals with an increased Obeticholic Acid risk of fractures (with the option to include a BMD result in the risk scoring) or identifying individuals at increased risk of having low BMD. However, because the effect of BMD on fracture risk is in itself influenced by the presence of clinical risk factors, fracture risk tools have also been used to guide physicians in whether to refer patients to a BMD measurement or not [8]. Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX®) uses 10 clinical risk factors and can be used with or without bone mineral density (BMD) to predict the 10-year probability of hip fractures or major osteoporotic fractures in patients (clinical spine, forearm, hip or shoulder fracture) [9] and [10]. The recently updated National selleck screening library Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF)

guidelines recommend treatment of individuals with an increased risk of fracture based on the FRAX® [11]. This involved postmenopausal women and men aged 50 years and older with low bone mass (T-score between − 1.0 and − 2.5, osteopenia) at the femoral neck or spine and a 10-year hip fracture probability ≥ 3% or a 10-year major osteoporotic fracture probability ≥ 20% as calculated by the FRAX® tool [11]. FRAX® has been validated in 11 independent cohorts [9], and country specific adaptations

are available to a large number of countries, including Denmark [9]. Simpler approaches Selleckchem Sirolimus have also been suggested. Age is strongly associated with fracture risk [1] and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening with DXA in all women aged 65 years and older and in women below 65 years with increased risk of fracture (whose 10-year fracture risk is equal to or greater than that of 65-year-old white women without additional risk factors; 9.3% based on FRAX® calculation); diagnosis and treatment are determined from DXA result [12]. NOF also recommends DXA testing in women above 65 years and women aged 50–65 years with high risk factor profile [11]. BMD has also a strong association with fracture risk where individuals with low BMD have progressively higher risk of fracture [13]. Several tools based on fewer clinical risk factors are available to predict low BMD. As discussed above, the justification for such tools is primarily to identify women who are more likely to have low BMD and then could undergo BMD measurement for a definitive assessment.

We envisage that the scale of these experiments will increase impressively in the coming years. Emergence of microfluidics systems, able to generate sequencing-ready libraries for thousands to millions of individual cells in parallel is www.selleckchem.com/products/Erlotinib-Hydrochloride.html likely. Such methods, as well

as massive single-cell genotyping assays [78], combined with clever bioinformatics approaches to infer relationships and life histories of individual cells, will provide detailed insight into the emergence and clonal expansion of each tumour subclone, allowing a truly holistic view on tumour evolution. Little is known about the variability in the epigenome and the transcriptome of single cells, as this is masked in current analyses of mixed large cell populations. We envisage that future methods that can profile the (epi)genome and the transcriptome of the same single cell will allow detailed insights into the transcriptional and phenotypic consequences of genomic changes in cancer. Finally, by sequencing individual CTCs and DTCs together with primary tumour cells and metastases, we will learn more about the mechanisms that trigger single tumour cells to leave the site of their origin, the dormancy of DTCs and their resistance to cancer therapy. We anticipate that partial or full cancer genomes of (fine-needle)

cancer biopsies, CTCs and/or DTCs will routinely be sequenced as part of the clinical evaluation and likely personalized Suplatast tosilate treatments in the future. CTCs may be particularly important Selleck NVP-BKM120 in this regard as they represent easily obtainable liquid biopsies

allowing real-time monitoring of both metastatic potential and patient-specific suitability of therapy. The last few years have seen rapid development of technologies that permit detailed analysis of the genomes and transcriptomes of single cells. Single-cell approaches now stand poised to provide an unprecedented view into cancer evolution. T.V. is a co-inventor on patent applications involving single-cell analyses. Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as: • of special interest We acknowledge the Wellcome Trust (UK), the Research Foundation — Flanders (FWO; Belgium) [FWO-G.0687.12 to T.V. and P.V.L.], and the KU Leuven [Belgium; SymBioSys, PFV/10/016 to T.V.]. PVL is supported by a postdoctoral research fellowship of the FWO. “
“Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 2014, 24:107–113 This review comes from a themed issue on Cancer genomics Edited by David J Adams and Ultan McDermott For a complete overview see the Issue and the Editorial Available online 26th February 2014 0959-437X/$ – see front matter, © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2013.12.005 DNA polymerases are responsible for synthesis of DNA and are essential for replication, DNA repair and genetic recombination.

Monocyte preparations were routinely stained with anti-CD14 antibody (Becton Dickinson, Oxford, UK) followed by flow cytometric analysis to verify purity. 1 × 106 monocytes were incubated with CRLP (30 μg cholesterol/ml) (or a similar volume of control preparation), and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Cells were adhered to microscope slides by cytospin (Shandon, ThermoFisher Basingstoke, UK), and stained with Oil Red O as described previously [14]. Images were captured using a microscope mounted Canon digital camera and the extent of staining analysed Image J analysis software

(NIH). Monocytes were loaded with dihydrorhodamine-1,2,3 (final concentration 100 μM) for 10 min at room temperature and seeded check details onto white opaque 96 well tissue culture plates (2.5 × 104 labelled monocytes/well). Pharmacological inhibitors were added for 10 min at IDH inhibition 37 °C prior to addition of CRLP (7.5–30 μg/ml cholesterol) or a similar volume of control preparation. Plates were incubated

at 37 °C for up to 24 h in 5% CO2 and fluorescence was measured, using a Wallac1410 fluorescent microtitre plate reader (Perkin Elmer, Beaconsfield, UK). Monocytes were seeded at 5 × 105 cells/well in 24 well tissue culture plates and CRLP (30 μg/ml cholesterol) or a similar volume of control preparation was added. Cells were exposed to pharmacological inhibitors for 10 min at 37 °C before addition of CRLP. After incubation at 37 °C for 6 or 24 h, cells

were pelleted and the supernatants collected, snap frozen and stored Nitroxoline at −80 °C until analysis using ELISA Duoset assay kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions (R&D Systems, Oxford, UK). Monocytes were seeded at in 24 well tissue culture plates (5 × 105 cells/well) and exposed to CRLP (30 μg cholesterol/ml) or a similar volume of control preparation for 24 h, then transferred to the upper chamber of Transwell plates in conditioned medium. RPMI supplemented with 10% FBS (600 μl) was placed in the lower Transwell chambers and recombinant human MCP-1 (CCL2) (10 ng/ml; R&D Systems) was added to lower and/or upper chambers. The plates were incubated for 4 h and the number of cells that had migrated into the lower chamber after this time were counted by flow cytometry (Beckman Coulter, Oxford UK). Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test was used to analyse ROS production and the effects of pharmacological inhibitors on cytokine production, and one way ANOVA followed by the Tukey Kramer multiple comparison test was used for all other data, except where indicated otherwise. Incubation of isolated monocytes with CRLP for 24 h resulted in increased intracellular accumulation of lipid as assessed by Oil Red O staining (Figure 1A).

The degraded products of first step may then expel out from the membrane/cytosol through the internal surface-active agents. Once, these products came out, the alkali pH, the available enzyme system and the surface-active agents facilitate the flow of the molecule inside the membrane. This kind of transport of molecules from inside to outside and vice versa occurs till the realization of complete degradation. The time taken for the entry and exit of each molecule result with the biphasic growth profile as observed in the present study. Further,

5-FU an increase in the average volume of the cell may also be reasoned to the continuous opening and closing of the bi-layer as shown schematically. In the present study, marine alkaliphile MTCC 5514, degrade the anthracene molecule up to 300 ppm concentration in an aqueous media through its in-built genes responsible for the surface active agent (licA3) production and catabolic degradative enzyme (C23O) system. Further, this organism displayed tolerance up to 500 ppm of anthracene concentration. The adoption period of less than 7 days suggested that the isolate might have pre-exposure to the target molecule and the triggering of de nova synthesis of the enzyme leads to the degradation of anthracene. The authors acknowledge Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, for the financial assistance provided in the form of network project (CSC 0127) under 12th

Five Year Plan. “
“The pattern of brain activity that precedes an event can influence the way the event is processed. It has been shown that activity within a few seconds of an imminent event can indicate high throughput screening how that event will be perceived, attended, emotionally processed, decided upon, and acted upon (e.g., Cunnington et al., 2003; Driver and Frith, 2000; Hesselmann et al., 2008; Mackiewicz et al., 2006; Shibata et al., 2008). In the area of long-term memory, prestimulus activity contributes to the likelihood that retrieval will be successful. Activity before event onset may reflect a state that encourages events to be treated as retrieval

cues and orient the search through memory toward relevant kinds of information (Rugg and Wilding, 2000). More recently, prestimulus activity has been shown to also affect the initial encoding of an event into long-term memory. There are now a good number of studies that have demonstrated that Ureohydrolase brain activity elicited by a cue that gives advance information about an upcoming event can predict whether that event will be remembered or forgotten in a later memory test. This activity is therefore thought to play a role in effective encoding (Paller and Wagner, 2002). Encoding-related activity before an event has been shown using functional magnetic resonance imaging (Adcock et al., 2006; Bollinger et al., 2010; Mackiewicz et al., 2006; Park and Rugg, 2010; Uncapher et al., 2011; Wittmann et al., 2005, 2007), magnetoencephalography (Düzel et al., 2005; Guderian et al.

Furthermore, the 8-day (August 23–30 2008) composite of MODIS/Aqua derived SST over the affected area was 0.5–1 °C lower than adjacent offshore waters (Fig. 5b). Therefore, it can be hypothesized that the bloom was initiated offshore and transported nearshore by bottom Ekman layer. This is similar to the observations made on the West Florida Shelf, where Weisberg et al. (2009) showed that the pathway of bloom to the nearshore was primarily via the bottom Ekman layer by an upwelling circulation. Fig. 6 shows an example of the existence of upwelling during the bloom period. The cold-core eddy was characterized by anticlockwise spinning and relatively PI3K inhibitor low SSH (Fig. 6a) and induced upwelling. MODIS derived

SST on the same day (Fig. 6b) confirmed the occurrence of eddy-induced upwelling. Two patches of low temperature can be recognized north of UAE in the Strait of Hormuz and south of Iran in the Gulf of Oman, respectively. The anomalously low SST indicates that cold, nutrient-rich bottom waters was moved upward and subsequently provided nutrient supplies for phytoplankton growth. Cold-core eddies can also be identified in Fig. 4, e.g. south of Iran in the Arabian Gulf and in the eastern Gulf of Oman on September 24 2008. A La Niña episode occurred from late 2008 to early 2009. La Niña conditions have the effect of intensifying

upwelling, which brings the pycnocline and nutricline up closer to the sea surface, more easily entrained

into the upper euphotic zone (Linacre et al., 2010). AOT is an estimate of NU7441 mw the particle loads in the air column, and has been used as an indicator of atmospheric turbidity (Volpe et al., 2009 and Gallisai et al., 2012). Although high loads of atmospheric dust does not necessarily mean high deposition, strong positive correlations have been found between AOT and chlorophyll-a by Volpe et al. (2009). Additionally, these high dust levels affect significantly the chlorophyll-a estimates by increasing AOT estimates from satellite resulting in artificially high chlorophyll-a concentrations. Region-specific atmospheric correction algorithms calibrated and validated in the dusty environment Tau-protein kinase of the Arabian Gulf would help to improve the accuracy of satellite-derived estimates. The contribution of dust-induced nutrients to the enhancement of marine productivity in the Arabian Gulf has been proposed by Hamza et al. (2011). Furthermore, Nezlin et al. (2010) showed that the atmospheric deposition is an important factor regulating phytoplankton growth in the Arabian Gulf. Fig. 7 presents the monthly anomaly of MODIS/Aqua derived AOT at 869 nm for February 2009. Positive anomalies were found in the middle and eastern Arabian Gulf, along the east coast of UAE, and in the northeastern Gulf of Oman. Hence, dust deposition may have served as an important source of nutrient supply.

Men have a higher trabecular bone volume/tissue volume, which declines at a similar rate to women. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (CT) demonstrated that men seem to show a relative preservation of trabecular number, but more trabecular thinning [7] and [6], presumed to be secondary to reduced bone formation and correlated with indices of reduced bone formation. FRAX is a computer-based algorithm (http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX) launched in 2008. It calculates fracture probability from clinical risk factors (Table 1) and patient characteristics (age, weight, height, etc.) in both men and Adriamycin clinical trial women. The output of FRAX

is the 10-year probability of a hip fracture and of a major osteoporotic fracture (hip, clinical spine, humerus or wrist fracture)

STI571 manufacturer [48] and [49]. As is the case for women, there is presently no generally accepted algorithm for the management of osteoporosis in men [50], although FRAX is being increasingly incorporated into practice guidelines. An example for the UK is provided in Table 2. Before the advent of FRAX, management algorithms for men were very similar to those used in postmenopausal women. In the UK, in the event of a previous fracture, a DXA would be performed or treatment would be considered in the absence of a BMD measurement. In the absence of a previous fracture, but if other clinical risk factors are present (Table 1), a DXA should be performed, and the subject recommended for treatment if their T-score was below − 2.5 SD [51]. In other countries, other T-score thresholds have been used [2]. Although risks that justify treatment vary on a national basis, treatment is widely recommended in individuals with a prior history of fragility fracture [50]. Whereas the diagnosis of osteoporosis centres on the assessment

of BMD at the femoral neck using DXA, other sites and validated techniques can be used for fracture prediction. The FRAX clinical risk factors contribute to fracture risk independently of BMD. The use of these risk factors in conjunction with BMD improves sensitivity of fracture prediction without adverse effects on specificity [52]. Thus, the FRAX algorithm may significantly impact clinical practice because eltoprazine it helps identify individuals at increased risk of fracture, while avoiding unnecessarily treating patients at low fracture risk. Treatment of osteoporosis in men at increased risk of fracture was first included in the latest revision of the European guidelines on the evaluation of medicinal products in the treatment of osteoporosis [53]. Previous guidelines were only for use in postmenopausal women. The guidelines state that, for women, an effect in reducing fracture risk must be demonstrated on both spinal and non-spinal fractures in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled primary pivotal study with a minimum duration of two years to be conducted either in women with a BMD T-score below − 2.5 SD or in women with prevalent fracture.

2 O hormônio anti‐Mülleriano (AMH) é um novo marcador de reserva ovariana. Estudos recentes sugerem que essa glicoproteína dimérica é superior e mais confiável, em comparação com o FSH, na avaliação da reserva ovariana.9 O AMH nas mulheres é produzido pelas células da granulosa a partir dos folículos pré‐antrais e antrais, na 36ª Caspase inhibitor semanas de gestação. O AMH é expresso até os folículos atingirem um tamanho médio de 4‐6 mm, estado de diferenciação no qual se tornam receptivos ao FSH exógeno. Estudos afirmam

que a dosagem de AMH é o melhor método para avaliar a reserva ovariana quando comparado com dosagens de FSH basal, estradiol e inibina B. A dosagem do AMH tem certa vantagem sobre outros marcadores, pois ele pode ser dosado

em qualquer fase do ciclo menstrual.9, 10 and 11 É possível que o AMH também atue como fator decisivo da seleção folicular para a dominância, uma vez que já foram demonstradas, tanto in vitro quanto in vivo, maior sensibilidade das células foliculares à ação do FSH na ausência do AMH e expressão reduzida da aromatase e dos receptores do hormônio luteinizante (LH) em células da granulosa cultivadas na presença de AMH exógeno. 12 O estilo de vida this website moderno, com grande participação da mulher no mercado de trabalho que leva à postergação do desejo procriativo, resulta numa procura por tratamento cada vez maior de casais com idade avançada.13 De fato, mulheres com mais de 38 anos tendem a apresentar baixa contagem de folículos antrais (reserva ovariana reduzida) e têm prognóstico mais reservado mesmo com técnicas modernas de reprodução assistida.3 Na tentativa de se alterar esse quadro e melhorar a quantidade de folículos recrutáveis, pesquisadores tentaram mimetizar um ambiente hormonal hiperandrogênico. A ideia surgiu a partir da demonstração de que pacientes com síndrome dos ovários

micropolicísticos (Somp) têm elevada contagem de folículos antrais, mesmo em idades mais avançadas.14 De alguma forma, o ambiente hiperandrogênico estimula o recrutamento de mais folículos durante estágios inicias.15 Estudos experimentais feitos em macacos Rhesus Verteporfin price sugeriram que os androgênios poderiam ampliar o efeito do FSH na foliculogênese. O uso de testosterona ou deidroepiandrosterona (Dhea) nesses animais aumentou o número de receptores do FSH nas membranas das células da granulosa. Estimulou, assim, o crescimento folicular inicial, o recrutamento precoce dos folículos primordiais e o desenvolvimento de um número maior de folículos pré‐antrais e antrais.14 De acordo com a “teoria das duas células”, os andrógenos exercem função crítica na regulação adequada da esteroidogênese. Eles servem de substrato para a ação da aromatase nas células da granulosa, nas quais são convertidos em estrogênios.

The cells were collected and disrupted in the phosphate buffer (same volume of the culture broth) by ultrasonic wave, cell-free extracts were harvested by centrifugation. Catalase activity was measured spectrophotometrically by Galunisertib supplier monitoring the decrease in absorbance at 240 nm caused by the disappearance of hydrogen peroxide (Beers and Sizer, 1952), using a spectrophotometer

(DU 800; BECKMAN). The ε at 240 nm for hydrogen peroxide was assumed to be 43.6 M− 1·cm− 1 (Hildebrandt and Roots, 1975). After cultured for 27 h, catalase activity of the strain FS-N4 reached the peak, 13.33 katal/mg (= 79997.36 U/mg; the amount of enzyme that decomposed 1 μmol of hydrogen peroxide per minute was defined as 1 U of activity). Catalase activity in the cell-free extracts of the strain FS-N4 and other typical catalase producers were showed in Table 1. The specific activity of the catalase of the strain FS-N4 was more than 2.5-fold that of the catalase of Rhizobium radiobacter 2-1, which exhibits the highest activity shown in the references ( Nakayama et al., 2008). Genomic DNA sequencing of strain FS-N4 was performed using Solexa paired-end sequencing technology (HiSeq 2000 System, Illumina, Inc., USA) (Bentley et al., http://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd5363.html 2008) with a whole-genome shotgun (WGS) strategy, with a 500 bp-span paired-end library (546 Mb available reads). All these clean

reads were assembled into 20 scaffolds with total 3,797,897 bp (coverage: 142.9 ×) using the Velvet 1.2.07 (Zerbino et al., 2009). The detail of FS-N4 genomic sequencing results was showed in Table 2. The results were extracted using Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (RAST) (Aziz et al., 2008), and functions of

the gene products were annotated by the same program. This draft genome shotgun project has been deposited as a primary project at DDBJ BioProject (the accession number: PRJNA241396). The draft genome sequence of the strain FS-N4 was deposited in the GenBank database under the accession number JHQL00000000. The GenBank accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain FS-N4 is KM079655. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on aminophylline the 16S rRNA gene of FS-N4 and related species was showed in Fig. 1. According to the tree, strain FS-N4 shared the highest sequence similarity of 98.8% with Halomonas andesensis LC6T, but did not cluster with it in the phylogenetic tree. It showed ambiguous taxonomic status of strain FS-N4, so we named it H. sp. FS-N4. Bioinformatics analyses used Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al., 1997) and RAST. The analyzed results were showed in Fig. S1 and also could be found on the web (http://rast.nmpdr.org/rast.cgi?page=JobDetails&job=140167), demonstrated that the H. sp. FS-N4 genome contained genes coding for 24 oxidative stress related proteins.