Radiologe 2003, 43:17–25.PubMedCrossRef 50. Yen HH, Chen YY: Jejunum diverticulosis: a limiting condition GSK2126458 cost to double ballon enteroscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2006, 64:847.PubMedCrossRef 51. Yang CW, Chen YY, Yen HH, Soon MS: Successful double balloon enteroscopy treatment for bleeding jejunal diverticulum: A case report and review of the literature. J Laparoendos Adv Surg Techn 2009, 9:637–640.CrossRef 52. Gaba RC, Schlesinger PK, Wilbur AC: Endoscopic video capsules: Radiologic findings of spontaneous entrapment in small intestinal diverticula. AJR 2005, 185:1048–1050.PubMedCrossRef 53. Cross MJ, Snyder

SK: Laparoscopic-directed small bowel resection for jejunal diverticulitis with perforation. J Laparoendosc Surg 1993, 3:47–49.PubMedCrossRef 54. Cang N, Khullar R, Sharma A, Soni V, Baijal M, Chowbey P: Total laparoscopic management of large complicated jejunal diverticulum. J Minim Access Surg 2009, 5:115–7.CrossRef 55. Chendrasekhar A, Timberlake GA: Perforated jejunal diverticula: an analysis of reported cases. Am Surg 1995, 61:984–988.PubMed

56. Novac JS, Tobias J, Barkin JS: Non surgical management of acute jejunal diverticulitis: A review. Am J Gastrenterol 1997, 92:1929–1931. 57. Englund R, Jensen M: Acquired diverticulosis of the small intestine: case reports and literature review. Aust N Z J Surg 1986, 56:51–54.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. INK 128 molecular weight Authors’ contributions EFand SMparticipated to the sequence alignment, researched sources for the reference and drafted the manuscript. KVLtook the photographs and drafted the manuscript. FA and CV helped in the interpretation of the photos and helped draft the final version

of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript form.”
“Introduction Intra-abdominal infection (IAI) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. It is the second most commonly identified cause from of severe sepsis in the intensive care unit (ICU). Recent studies have associated severe intra-abdominal infection with a significant mortality rate. Most IAI are a result of processes involving inflammation and perforations of the gastrointestinal tract, such as appendicitis, peptic ulcer disease, and diverticulitis. Patients with diffuse peritonitis may be due to spontaneous perforation, post-operative, post-interventional or post-traumatic causes. The lower GI tract is most often the location of perforation. Among patients with IAI who develop peritonitis, many may progress to severe sepsis, defined by The American selleckchem College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine as a severe systemic inflammatory response to infection that is associated with acute organ dysfunction. Successful treatment of IAI is based on early and appropriate source recognition, containment and antimicrobial coverage.

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indicates parallel evolutionary trends among bacterial mutualists of insects. Genome Res 2005, 15:1023–1033.CrossRefPubMed 13. Gil R, Silva FJ, Zientz E, Delmotte F, Gonzalez-Candelas F, Latorre A, Rausell C, Kamerbeek J, Gadau J, Holldobler B, et al.: The genome sequence of Blochmannia floridanus : Comparative analysis of reduced genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:9388–9393.CrossRefPubMed 14. Zientz E, Beyaert N, Gross R, Feldhaar H: Relevance of the endosymbiosis of Blochmannia floridanus and carpenter see more ants at different stages of the life cycle of the host. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006, 72:6027–6033.CrossRefPubMed 15. Wernegreen JJ, Degnan PH, Lazarus AB, Palacios

C, Bordenstein SR: Genome evolution in an insect cell: Distinct features of an ant-bacterial partnership. Biol Bull 2003, 204:221–231.CrossRefPubMed 16. Sauer C, Stackebrandt E, Gadau J, Holldobler B, Gross R: Systematic relationships and cospeciation of bacterial Montelukast Sodium endosymbionts and their carpenter ant host species: proposal of the new taxon Candidatus Blochmannia gen. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2000, 50:1877–1886.PubMed 17. Moran NA: Symbiosis. Curr Biol 2006, 16:R866-R871.CrossRefPubMed 18. Oliver KM, Russell JA, Moran NA, Hunter MS: Facultative bacterial symbionts in aphids confer resistance to parasitic wasps. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:1803–1807.CrossRefPubMed 19. Hedges LM, Brownlie JC, O’Neill SL, Johnson KN:Wolbachia and virus protection in insects. Science 2008, 322:702.CrossRefPubMed 20. Kaltenpoth M, Gottler W, Herzner G, Strohm E: Symbiotic bacteria protect wasp larvae from fungal infestation. Curr Biol 2005, 15:475–479.CrossRefPubMed 21. Wang Q, Garrity GM, Tiedje JM, Cole JR: Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007, 73:5261–5267.CrossRefPubMed 22.

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All of

MRT67307 those GO terms describe the process of making nutrients available for uptake by a symbiotic partner. In addition, terms such as “”GO: 0052099 acquisition by symbiont of nutrients from host via siderophores”" describe uptake of a (metal ion) nutrient that could occur through active interaction with the host, as described above, or through a passive mechanism such as acquisition from a plant root exudate by a microbe located in the rhizosphere [20]. Phase III of Figure 2 depicts representative terms from the Molecular Function ontology that describe transmembrane transporter-mediated uptake of nutrients. These terms describe attributes of gene products irrespective of symbiotic context. For example, “”GO: 0055056 D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity”" describes a gene product that transports glucose, whether that transport is part of an endogenous intra-organismal process or uptake following symbiotic killing of cells, e.g. “”GO:

0051883 killing of cells in other organism during symbiotic interaction”", and consequent release of glucose. Survey of symbiotic nutritional strategies The following sections highlight mechanisms employed by diverse symbionts and hosts, both animal and plant, in order to facilitate nutrient exchange. Oomycetes and fungi: hyphae and haustoria Oomycetes and fungi comprise two evolutionarily distinct groups, but share many commonalities with respect to morphology and ecological niche. Filamentous species from both groups include necrotrophic, biotrophic or hemibiotrophic pathogens of plants and animals learn more that share common colonization strategies [21], including the early stages of infection from adhesion through penetration [22]. Hyphae are threadlike structures comprising the body of a filamentous organism through which nutrient uptake occurs. “”GO: 0043581 mycelium development”", a child of “”GO: 0032502 developmental process”" in the Biological Process ontology, describes the formation of a mass of hyphae (Additional file 1

and Figure 2). Many types of hyphae exist, Epothilone B (EPO906, Patupilone) including sub-cuticular (e.g. the fungus Venturia inaequalis), intercellular (e.g. the fungi Cladosporium fulvum and Magnaporthe grisea and the Torin 2 in vitro oomycete Phytophthora sojae), and intracellular (e.g. the fungus Claviceps purpurea, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and the oomycete Phytophthora infestans) (reviewed in [22, 23]). Some hemibiotrophs rely on intracellular hyphae which can spread from cell to cell [23]. Many obligate biotrophs, as well as some hemibiotrophs, generate modified hyphal infection structures known as haustoria [21–23] (e.g. the fungi Uromyces appendiculatus, Erysiphe pisi, and Blumeria graminis, and the oomycetes Albugo candida and Phytophthora infestans) that allow them to live in intimate contact with the host.

One of the most efficient strategies is

to interfere with bacterial adherence, the first step in the biofilm formation, by direct blockage of surface receptors [8] or using a non-specific strategy, usually involving compounds with anti-adherence properties [9–11]. Another efficient strategy seems to be the one involving the manipulation of communication processes between bacteria into the biofilm, using different natural or artificially synthetized compounds [12–14]. Bearing in mind that chemically synthetized compounds may be toxic and have usually Selleck eFT508 unpredictable long-term effect on the mammalian host cell, natural compounds exhibiting anti-microbial activity are considered as a more preferred alternative GS1101 [15, 16]. Essential vegetal oils are natural compounds that have proved to be highly efficient as antimicrobial agents, demonstrating significant anti-adherence and anti-biofilm properties

[17, 18]. However, the use of essential oils can be limited by their high volatility and low stability [19]. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have appeared as a well-established technology and an important research field, mainly because of their superparamagnetism properties that allow to be guided with an external magnetic field, [20, 21]. Potential applications in the field of biotechnology and nanomedicine such as biomagnetic separations [22], biosensors [23], carriers for targeted drug delivery [24–28], hyperthermia-producing systems [29], inhibition PAK5 of biofilm https://www.selleckchem.com/products/entrectinib-rxdx-101.html development [30, 31], stabilization of essential oils [32], and contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging [33, 34] have been proposed. The material surface chemistry and the electronic configuration of the surface complexes have

major influences on the reactivity and properties [35]. In this paper, we report preliminary data on new magnetite-based nanostructures used to create nanofluids with both microbicidal and anti-adherence properties, and to evaluate their potential to improve the anti-biofilm properties of a cotton-based material, routinely used for covering cutaneous wounds. The anti-adherence and anti-biofilm properties of this nano-modified wound dressing were assessed in vitro using two strains belonging to bacterial species commonly found in wound infections, i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Methods Materials All chemicals were used as received. FeCl3, FeSO4 · 7H2O, NH3, sodium palmitate (C16), CHCl3, and CH3OH were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Munich, Germany). The textile wound dressing represented by 1 × 1-cm sections were obtained from the Otolaryngology Department of Coltea Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.

durans click here IPLA655, the region upstream of the start codon of tyrS showed a 322 bp noncoding sequence that was named the tyrS leader region. A hypothetical representation of the secondary structure of the tyrS leader region is plotted on Figure 3. This region exhibits the sequence features of the tRNA-mediated antitermination

systems described by Grundy et al. [22]. It contains the typical T box sequence UGGGUGGUACCGCG (nucleotides 187-200) (bases fitting with the consensus are underlined), a tyrosine specifier UAC (nucleotides 104-106), and most of the other less conserved boxes (AGUA-I box [AGUA, nucleotides 34-37], GA box [AGAAAG, nucleotides 58-63], GNUG box [GCUG, nucleotides 73-76], and F box [GCGUUA, nucleotides 142-147]). In addition to these conserved sequences, the tyrS leader region may be folded into three stem-loop structures (I, II and III) preceding www.selleckchem.com/products/MLN-2238.html a factor-independent transcriptional terminator/antiterminator. However, the AGUA-II and GAAC boxes that can be found in similar antitermination systems are not present. Figure 3 Primary-sequence and structural model of the E. durans IPLA655 tyrS mRNA leader region upstream the start of the coding region.

The specifier (UAC), the Tbox sequence, and other highly-conserved motifs typical of genes regulated by tRNA-mediated antitermination appear highlighted in boxes. Sequence between arrows can adopt two alternative mutually exclusive structure conformations: terminator and antiterminator (stabilized by the cognate tRNA in absence of tyrosine). A transcriptional fusion of the tyrS promoter and the leader region with a deletion of the TBox-Terminator region (PtyrS Δ ) was made (dashed line) to probe the role of the Tbox in the BI 6727 price mechanism of tyrosine sensing Tyrosine concentration sensing is mediated

by an antitermination system We investigated whether the conserved primary sequence and structural motifs located upstream the start of the coding sequence play a role in the regulation of tyrS expression by a transcription antitermination system. For this purpose we compared the amount of mRNA specific of the leader region (mRNA-L) and the amount of mRNA corresponding to the coding part of the Lepirudin gene (mRNA-C) under optimal expression condition (pH 4.9), and in presence or absence of tyrosine. This region-specific transcriptional quantification was performed by RT-qPCR using specific primer pairs for each region (see Methods). As shown in Figure 4A, level of mRNA-L was not affected by tyrosine concentration, whereas mRNA-C level did not follow the same profile. In presence of tyrosine, the ratio mRNA-L/mRNA-C was 4.2, whereas this value decreased to 1.2 in absence of tyrosine (optimal conditions for tyrS expression). The ratio close to 1 observed in absence of tyrosine indicates no transcription termination and consequently the expression of tyrS. The 4.

Autoradiographic images of Northern blots were obtained by phosphorimaging using ImageQuant SB202190 order software (Molecular Dynamics). Quantitative

(real time) reverse Go6983 manufacturer transcriptase PCR (quantitative RT-PCR) was performed as described [33]. Oligonucleotides PL101/21 and PL102/19 were used for 16S rRNA reverse transcription and PCR amplification. mRNA half-lives were estimated as described [36] by regression analysis of mRNA remaining (estimated by real time PCR) versus time after rifampicin addition. Luciferase assays were performed as in [37]. Oligonucleotides utilized for Northern blot, real time PCR, and construction of reporter plasmids are listed in Additional file 1: Table S1. PNAG detection PNAG production was determined as described [38]. Bacteria were grown overnight in 3 ml of M9 Glu/sup Selleck ABT 737 medium at 37°C. Cells were collected by centrifugation and diluted in Tris-buffered saline [20 mM Tris–HCl, 150 mM NaCl (pH 7.4)] to an OD600 = 1.5. 1ml of suspension

was centrifuged at 10,500 x g, resuspended in 300 μl of 0.5 M EDTA (pH 8.0), and incubated for 5 min at 100°C. Cells were removed by centrifugation at 10,500 x g for 6 min and 100 μl of the supernatant was incubated with 200 μg of proteinase K for 60 min at 60°C. Proteinase K was heat-inactivated at 80°C for 30 min. The solution was diluted 1:3 in Tris-buffered saline and 10 μl was spotted onto a nitrocellulose filter using a Dot-blot apparatus (Bio-Rad). The filter was saturated for about 2 hours in 0.1 M Tris–HCl (pH 7.5), 0.3 M NaCl, 0.1% Triton (Sigma Aldrich) and 5% milk and then incubated overnight at 4°C with a 1:1,000 dilution of purified PNAG antibodies (a kind gift from G.B. Pier [39]). PNAG antibodies were detected using a secondary anti-goat 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase antibody (dilution 1:5,000) conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. Immunoreactive spots were revealed using ECL Western blotting reagent (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Statistical analysis When applicable,

statistically significant differences among samples were determined using a t-test of analysis of variance (ANOVA) via a software run in MATLAB environment (Version 7.0, The MathWorks Inc.). Tukey’s honestly significant different test (HSD) was used for pairwise comparison to determine significance of the data. Statistically significant results were depicted by p-values <0.05. Results Lack of PNPase induces cell aggregation in E. coli C The E. coli C pnp deletion mutant C-5691 (a derivative of E. coli C-1a [40, 41]) showed an apparent growth arrest when grown at 37°C in M9 minimal medium with glucose as sole carbon source (M9Glu, Figure 1A, left panel). The growth defect was overcome by supplementing M9Glu with 0.25 g/l tryptone, 0.125 g/l yeast extract, 0.125 g/l NaCl (M9Glu/sup medium); however, in such conditions, C-5691 optical density drastically decreased at the onset of stationary phase.

2013;56:10–21.PubMedCrossRef

26. Hanefeld M, Pfutzner A, Forst T, Kleine I, Fuchs W. Double-blind, randomized, multicentre, and active comparator controlled investigation of the effect of pioglitazone, metformin, and the combination of both on cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving stable basal insulin therapy: the PIOCOMB study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011;10:65.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 27. Snell-Bergeon JK, Wadwa RP. Hypoglycemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. learn more Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012;14(Suppl 1):S51–8.PubMed 28. Fujita Y, Tamada D, Kozawa J, Kobayashi Y, Sasaki S, Kitamura T, Yasuda T, Maeda N, Otsuki M, Okita K, Iwahashi H, Kaneto H, Funahashi T, Imagawa A, Shimomura I. Successful treatment of reactive hypoglycemia secondary to late dumping syndrome using miglitol. Intern Med. 2012;51:2581–5.PubMedCrossRef AZD9291 29. Heinz G, Komjati M, Korn A, Waldhausl W. Reduction of postprandial blood glucose by the α-glucosidase inhibitor Miglitol (BAY m 1099) in type II diabetes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;37:33–6.PubMed 30. Kingma PJ, Menheere PP, Sels JP, Nieuwenhuijzen Kruseman AC. α-Glucosidase inhibition by miglitol in NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care. 1992;15:478–83.PubMedCrossRef 31. Schnack C, Prager RJ, Winkler J, Klauser RM, Schneider BG, Schernthaner G. Effects of 8-week α-glucosidase inhibition on metabolic control, C-peptide secretion,

hepatic glucose output, and peripheral insulin sensitivity in poorly controlled type II diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1989;12:537–43.PubMedCrossRef 32. Cefalu WT. Diabetes care: “state of the union”. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:1–3.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 33. Blevins TC. Professional continuous glucose monitoring in clinical practice 2010. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2010;4:440–56.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 34. Tsujino D, Nishimura R, Taki K, Morimoto A, Tajima N, Utsunomiya K. Comparing the efficacy of α-glucosidase inhibitors in suppressing postprandial hyperglycemia using continuous glucose monitoring: a pilot study—the

MAJOR study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011;13:303–8.PubMedCrossRef 35. Furuta M, Tomisaka R, Yamana A, Morita S, Ueyama M, Imanishi K, Ooishi Ureohydrolase C, Hara Y, Ooishi H, Sanke T. Evaluation of seasonal changes in hemoglobin A1c in diabetic patients. Rinsho Byori. 2012;60:599–604.PubMed”
“Key Points Attention-deficit AR-13324 concentration hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications may be subject to abuse, misuse, and diversion. We found that overlapping prescriptions from two or more prescribers dispensed by three or more pharmacies defines ADHD medication shopping. 1 Introduction Medications for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are subject to misuse, abuse, and diversion [1–3]. The non-medical use of ADHD medications in high-school-age children in the US is estimated at around 9 %, and in college-age individuals goes from 5 to 35 % [1].

In addition to TPP, the negative groups on the surface

of ASNase II were counteracted with the TPCA-1 positively charged -NH3 + groups of CS during the cross-linking process. Moreover, TPP could counteract with the positively charged -NH3 + groups on the surface of ASNase II and compact the enzyme both inside and on the surface of the particle. Particles possessing a zeta potential of about 20 to 25 mV may sometimes be considered relatively stable [37]. However, having a sufficient ATM inhibitor zeta potential is extremely important for the role of nanoparticles as carriers for drugs or proteins; the nanoparticles must be capable of ionically holding active molecules or biomolecules. Nanoparticle used for the final characterization were loaded with 4 mg lyophilized ASNase II. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry analysis The FTIR spectra for ASNase II (a), CS (b), CSNPs (c), and ASNase II-loaded CSNPs (d) are shown in Figure 2. The peaks at Verubecestat molecular weight 3,291 cm−1 in the ASNase II spectrum (a) and at 3,288 cm−1 in the CS spectrum (b) relate to the stretching of O-H and N-H bonds. In the CSNPs spectrum (c), a shift from 3,288 to 3,299 cm−1 is seen and the peak at 3,299 cm−1 becomes more intense; this indicates the -NH3 + interactions with TPP. A corresponding peak in the ASNase II-loaded CSNPs (d) at 3,294 cm−1 becomes wider; this effect is attributable to the participation

of ASNase II in hydrogen bonding and -NH group interactions [38]. In CSNPs, a new sharp peak appears at 1,409 cm−1 and the 1,594 cm−1 peak of -NH2 bending vibration shifts to 1,536 cm−1.

We suppose that the Bcl-w phosphoric groups of TPP are linked with -NH3 + group of CS; inter- and intra-molecular interactions are enhanced in CSNPs [39]. A shift from 1,027 cm−1 to the sharper peak at 1,032 cm−1 corresponds to the stretching vibration of the P = O groups in CSNPs. Two peaks at 1,636 cm−1 (amide I bending) and 1,544 cm−1 (amide II bending) in ASNase II-loaded CSNPs correspond to the high intensity peaks at 1,638 and 1,536 cm−1 in the ASNase II spectra; this result proves successful loading of ASNase II in CSNPs and also indicates some interactions between CS with TPP and ASNase II [40]. Figure 2 FTIR spectra of (A) ASNase II, (B) CS, (C) CSNPs, and (d) ASNase II-loaded CSNPs. Morphology studies for the nanoparticles Figure 3 shows the TEM images of CSNPs and ASNase II-loaded CSNPs. From the TEM images, both CSNPs (Figure 3A) and ASNase II-loaded CSNPs (Figure 3B) are spherical and exist as discrete spheres, along with a few partial cohesive spheres. The dark core of nanoparticles is due to the fact that the staining reagent has penetrated through the particle. In Figure 3A, a fairly uniform size (the average size 250 ± 11 nm, PDI ~ 0.48) distribution and the smooth border around the CSNPs could be observed. In Figure 3B, ASNase II-loaded CSNPs exhibit an irregular surface with a core surrounded by a fluffy coat made of ASNase II.

The median survival of patients younger than 60 years was 10 months (95% CI: 8.0-11.9), compared with 9 months (95% CI: 8.0-9.9) for patients over 60 years old (p = 0.035). The outcome of patients with pancreatic carcinoma in the head of the pancreas and jaundice may be poor. The median survival time of patients with cancer in the head

of the pancreas was 9 months (95% CI: 8.3-9.7) compared with 11 months (95% CI: 9.3-12.6) for patients whose tumor was situated outside of the head of the pancreas (p = 0.15). The median survival of patients with and without jaundice was 9 months (95% CI: 8.3-9.6) and 11 months (95% CI: 9.4-12.5), respectively GF120918 purchase (p = 0.09). Patients who achieved CR and received adjuvant EBRT may survive longer. However additional patients should be enrolled to verify these observations. The median survival of patients achieving CR or not was 24 months (95% CI: 7.9-40.0) and 9 months (95% CI: 8.0-9.9), respectively (p = 0.05). However, only three patients achieved CR, with overall survival of 14, 24 and 28 months, respectively. The median survival of patients receiving adjuvant EBRT or not was 13 months (95% CI: 8.3-17.6) and 10 months (95% CI: 9.0-10.9), respectively (p = 0.24). However, only seven patients received adjuvant EBRT, and six of these patients were younger than 60 years. Gender, adjuvant chemotherapy,

tumor volume and CA199 level before and after the operation did not impact the clinical outcome (p > 0.05). The result of the Cox proportional hazards model suggested that a D90 higher than 110 Gy BIBF1120 was an independent, favorable prognostic factor comparing with lower than 110 Gy (p = 0.001), and the relative risk ratio was 0.21 (95% CI: 0.08-0.57). The fitted curve is shown in Figure 4. Patient age younger than 60 years was another independent, favorable tetracosactide prognostic factor comparing with older than 60 years (p = 0.002), and the relative risk ratio was 0.34 (95% CI: 0.13-0.91). The fitted curve is shown in Figure 5. Figure 4 A D 90 higher than 110 Gy is a favorable prognostic factor. Patients with unresectable stage II/III pancreatic carcinoma were Selleckchem Rabusertib treated with 125I seed implantation.

The blue line is for the group whose doses were higher than 110 Gy. The green line is for the group whose doses were lower than 110 Gy. A. Overall survival rate curves for the two groups. B. Hazard function curves for the two groups. Figure 5 Age younger than 60 years is a favorable prognostic factor. Patients with unresectable stage II/III pancreatic carcinoma were treated with 125I seed implantation. The blue line is for the group whose ages were younger than 60 years. The green line is for the group whose doses were older than 60 years. A. Overall survival rate curves for the two groups. B. Hazard function curves for the two groups. Discussion Pancreatic cancer has an appalling prognosis, especially for patients with unresectable tumors at the time of diagnosis, which represents more than 80% of patients.