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The major genotypes were CP673451 clinical trial D02, E04, D03, and C01 (Table 3, Figure 2). They have been distributed Selleck Peptide 17 nationwide and are not closely connected with the provinces. The isolates with the same MLVA profiles were revealed

in the restricted AZD6244 cell line area: in the GB06 and GB07 farms of the C01 genotype in the Gyeonbuk Yeongcheon district; in the KW11 and KW12 farms of the C02 genotype in Kangwon Cheorwon; in the JB02, JB04, and JB06 farms of the D02 genotype in Jeonbuk Jeongeup; in the CB01, CB05, and CB06 farms of the D03 genotype in Chungbuk Boeun, Cheongwon, and Jeungpyeng; and in the GB01, GB02, GB03, GB04, GB13, GB14, GB15, and GB16 farms of the E04 genotype in the Gyeongbuk provinces, among others. of isolates3) A 1 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-4-2-3-3-3-4 1   2 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-7-2-3-3-3-4 1 B 1 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-6-2-6-3-3-4 1   2 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-6-2-5-3-3-4 1 C 1 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-5-2-3-3-3-3 11   2 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-4-2-3-3-3-3 ID-8 3   3 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-7-2-3-3-3-3 1   4 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-5-2-5-3-3-3 1 D 1 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-6-2-3-3-3-6 3   2 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-6-2-3-3-3-3 26   3 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-6-2-3-3-3-4

11   4 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-6-2-3-3-3-5 1 E 1 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-6-2-4-3-3-4 4   2 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-6-2-4-3-3-5 1   3 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-7-2-4-3-3-3 3   4 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-6-2-4-3-3-3 21 F 1 4-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-6-2-2-3-3-5 1 G 1 5-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-6-2-3-3-3-4 4   2 5-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-5-2-3-3-3-4 2   3 5-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-6-2-3-3-3-5 1 H 1 5-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-5-2-3-3-3-3 4   2 5-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-6-2-3-3-3-3 1 I 1 5-4-4-5-3-4-12-3-6-21-8-7-2-4-3-3-3 1 Total 9 clusters — 23 genotypes 104 1) They were grouped according to 90% similarity via clustering analysis, using UPGMA.

Joshua K. Endow Joshua Endow received his B.S., in 2008, in Horticulture from the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, USA. He is currently working toward a Ph.D. in Plant Stattic nmr Biology in the laboratory of Professor Kentaro

Inoue at the University of California, Davis, USA. Joshua is interested in how proteins are specifically sorted within the chloroplast to the correct compartment and orientation that allows them to perform photosynthetic and other functions. His dissertation study is focused on a protein called SHP099 manufacturer Plastidic type I signal peptidase 1 (Plsp1) that is fascinating both in its targeting to two chloroplast membranes and its role in removing the sorting signals of other proteins. Joshua is utilizing chloroplast protein import assays, genetic complementation, confocal microscopy, BN-PAGE (Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and co-immunoprecipitation to investigate these aspects of Plsp1. His Gordon Conference poster was titled

‘‘Towards Understanding the Mechanism of Sorting and the Functional Organization of Plastidic Type I Signal Peptidase 1.’’. Yan Lu Yan Lu received her Ph.D. in Botany from University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2005. During her Ph.D., she studied the pathway and regulation of starch degradation and maltose metabolism in the laboratory of Professor Thomas (Tom) D. Sharkey. After graduation, Yan has been working on a chloroplast functional genomics project in the laboratory of Professor Robert L. Last at the Michigan State University. The major focus of this project is parallel learn more phenotypic screens of ~4000 Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion lines of nuclear-encoded plastid-targeted genes. While working on this project, Yan discovered a number of novel genes that are important for photosynthesis. The title of her 2011 Gordon Conference poster was “The Role of a Zinc Finger Protein in Photosynthesis and Light Stress

Tolerance”. Yan’s work on the zinc finger protein was recently accepted by Plant Cell. This example shows that the functional genomics approaches can be used to identify previously unknown genes next and mechanisms controlling photosynthesis and other chloroplast functions. The ambiance News Reports, when accompanied by photographs, always attract attention. See, e.g., (1) Govindjee, A.W. Rutherford and R.D. Britt (2007). Four young research investigators were honored at the 2006 Gordon Research Conference on Photosynthesis. Photosynth. Res. 92: 137–138; additional photographs are available at: http://​www.​life.​illinois.​edu/​govindjee/​g/​Photo/​Gordon%20​Research%20​2006.​html. (2) Govindjee (2009) Young research investigators honored at the 2008 and 2009 Gordon Research Conferences on Photosynthesis: ambiance and a personal perspective. Photosynth. Res. 102:1-6.

Studies were

conducted in different ethnicities, mainly in European populations; eight studies [8, 10–12, 15–17, 31] were conducted in populations of European ethnicity, and one study [14] was conducted in Marco Africans. The Lenvatinib price Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) p values of C282Y or H63D genotypes were below 0.05 in the controls of three studies [8, 12, 17]. The disequilibrium might be caused by population stratification or by genotyping errors. The meta-analysis results were then assessed by excluding these studies. Meta-analysis results C282Y The www.selleckchem.com/products/INCB18424.html frequency of the C282Y Y allele was 6.17% (136/2204) and 5.08% (383/7352) in cases and controls (p = 0.046), respectively, indicating that the variant allele was more frequent in cases. At first, we performed the meta-analysis of nine studies including all controls

to explore the association of C282Y polymorphism and HCC. Meta-analysis showed that C282Y polymorphism was associated with HCC in allele contrast model (Y vs. C): FE OR reached 1.50 (95%CI: 1.05-2.14) (Figure 1) (Table 2). There was distinct heterogeneity among studies (p for heterogeneity = 0.02, I2 = 0.57). Sensitivity analysis showed that SAHA HDAC chemical structure the result was not robust. There was no distinct small-study bias among the studies (Egger’s p = 0.39). The meta-analysis of dominant model showed a non-significant increased risk to HCC: RE OR was 1.43 (95%CI: 0.98-2.07, p for heterogeneity = 0.02, I2 = 0.55). There was no distinct small-study bias among the studies (Egger’s p heptaminol = 0.68). Figure 1 Forest plot of the RE ORs and 95% CIs of the association between HCC and the C282Y mutation (Y vs. C) of nine studies. The combined estimate is indicated by the diamond. The solid vertical line

represents the null result. Table 2 Meta-analysis results of C282Y polymorphism and HCC   Nine studies of all samples Seven studies of healthy controls Four studies of alcoholic LC Four studies of viral LC Genetic model Dominant Allele contrast CY vs. CC Dominant Allele contrast Dominant Allele contrast Dominant Allele contrast OR 1.43 1.50 1.31 1.46 1.61 4.06 3.41 0.70 0.71 95%CI 0.98-2.07 1.05-2.14 0.89-1.95 0.96-2.22 1.08-2.39 2.08-7.92 1.81-6.41 0.32-1.50 0.34-1.50 p for hetero 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.77 0.47 0.47 0.49 I2 0.55 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.55 0 0 0 0 Egger’s p 0.31 0.39 0.99 0.97 0.65 0.25 0.43 0.51 0.52 Of the nine studies that explored C282Y mutation, seven studies used healthy controls, while five studies used chronic liver disease patients as controls. To clarify whether or not C282Y increased HCC in subgroups, we performed subgroup analyses between the comparison of (1) HCC and healthy controls of seven studies, (2) HCC and alcoholic LC patients of four studies, (3) HCC and viral LC patients of four studies.

Therefore, strains may differ in their licA mutation rates depending on which LOS structure is modified with ChoP. To test this, we further stratified the number of licA gene repeats between strains with different licD alleles for each species. Among NT H. influenzae, the range of repeats was

eFT508 clinical trial similar among strains that possessed a licD I, licD III , or licD IV allele (6-45, 5-43, and 9-42 repeats, respectively) (Table 3). The average number of repeats was significantly different, however, for strains that possessed a licD III allele (34 repeats) than for strains that possessed a licD I or licD IV allele (25 and 26 repeats, respectively) (P = .015 and .032 using the student’s T test, respectively) (Table 3). Among H. haemolyticus, the range of licA repeats was more variable between strains with licD III and licD IV alleles (6-56 and 6-27 repeats, respectively), due mainly to three licD III -containing strains with licA genes that contained 39, 40, and 56 repeats (Table 3, Figure 3). In contrast to NT H. influenzae, however, the average number of repeats was not significantly different between H. haemolyticus strains possessing

licD III or licD IV alleles (16 and 13, respectively) (Table SC79 mouse 3). These results suggest that NT H. influenzae strains that substitute ChoP on more proximal, exposed oligosaccharides chains may tend to have increased mutation rates within the repeat region of the licA gene. Discussion The strain population structure of NT H. influenzae is genetically very diverse and clones or clusters of NT H. influenzae strains that differentiate selleckchem virulent from commensal

strains have not been identified [10, 41]. Given this diversity, together with the high prevalence of NT H. influenzae colonization in the healthy human population, it is reasonable to hypothesize that not all NT H. influenzae strains possess the same ability to cause disease, but rather, that a proportion of strains possess a range of variable genetic traits that allow for infection and Selleck LY294002 disease under the right host conditions [42]. Thus, comparison of genetic trait prevalence between populations of NT H. influenzae and the closely related but strictly commensal species, H. haemolyticus, will highlight traits within the species’ gene pools that may offer clues to the virulence pathways of NT H. influenzae. For instance, ChoP expression in NT H. influenzae is strongly implicated as a virulence factor [43, 44] and is thought to enhance virulence though increased epithelial cell adherence, inhibition of bactericidal peptides, and modulation of the immune system during biofilm growth [20–22]. In this study, 58% of H. haemolyticus strains lacked a lic1 locus (and the ability to express ChoP) while only 8% of NT H.

For the integrin blocking assay, confluence HEp-2 cells were incubated with antibodies (10 μg/ml) against α2 (P1E6, monoclonal, Chemicon International; P17301, polyclonal, Millipore), β1 (P4G1, monoclonal, Chemicon International; P05556, polyclonal, Millipore), α2β1 www.selleckchem.com/products/Vorinostat-saha.html (BHA2.1, monoclonal, Chemicon International)

integrins and mouse IgG (Sigma) for 30 min before the incubation with FITC-conjugated bacteria for the adhesion assay. Electron microscopy Drops of bacterial suspension fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde were concentrated and placed on formvar-coated copper grids for 1 min. After removal of excess fluid by placing on filter paper, the wet residues were immediately covered with the stain for 30 sec. The grid was air-dried before examination for negative staining electron microscopy. FACS analysis Surface-detection of Scl1 in E. coli was performed by FACS analysis. Approximately 1 × 107 bacteria were incubated with mouse anti-Scl1 antibody (1:1000) for 1 hr and subsequently with MK-0518 FITC-conjugated

goat anti-mouse IgG (1:1000, Amersham Biosciences) for 30 min. The fluorescence of adhered bacteria was analyzed by a FACS-Scan flow cytometer (Beckton-Dickinson). Surface protein isolation Outer membrane proteins were isolated from bacteria cultures according to a protocol by Fountoulakis and Gasser [36]. Briefly, the overnight E. coli culture was pelleted and the bacteria were resuspended. After shacking and a centrifugation, the new pellet was resuspended and disrupted 3 times by sonication. To remove unbroken cells and debris, sonicated bacteria were centrifuged at 3,000 rpm and subsequently

the supernatants were centrifuged at 90,000 rpm. To solubilize the inner membrane protein, the pellet was incubated with 2 ml 2% sodium N-laung sarcosinate and subsequently the supernatants were centrifuged at 90,000 rpm. The pelleted outer membrane proteins were resuspended. OmpA expression pattern performed by western blot using anti-OmpA antibody was represented as an internal control. Recombinant protein and preparation of antibody The 1.3-kb Selleck MK-2206 full-length sc1l gene was cloned into plasmid pQE30 to construct plasmid pPJ10. The recombinant protein was expressed after 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside induction. The expressed protein containing the His6 tag was separated in a Ni-chelated column (Amersham Biosciences) and eluted by a 0 to 50 mM imidazole gradient. The purified protein was verified by SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis with anti-His monoclonal antibody (Invitrogen). Antibody against purified rScl1 was raised in 4-week-old BALB/c mice. One hundred microgram of rScl1 was applied in the initial immunization of BALB/c mice, with succeeding injections 2 and 4 wks thereafter.

Nat Biotechnol 2001, 19:631–635.CrossRef 18. Jares-Erijman EA, Jovin TM: FRET imaging. Nat Biotechnol 2003, 21:1387–1395.CrossRef 19. Huang X, Li Selleckchem PD98059 L, Qian H, Dong C, Ren J: A resonance energy transfer between chemiluminescent donors and luminescent quantum‒dots as acceptors (CRET). Angew Chem 2006, 118:5264–5267.CrossRef 20. Alivisatos P: The use of nanocrystals in biological detection. Nat Biotechnol 2004, 22:47–52.CrossRef 21. Chen N, He Y, Su Y, Li X, Huang Q, Wang H, Zhang X, Tai R, Fan C: The cytotoxicity of cadmium-based quantum dots. Biomaterials 2012, 33:1238–1244.CrossRef 22. Male KB, Lachance B, Hrapovic S, Sunahara G, Luong JH: Assessment

of cytotoxicity of quantum dots and gold nanoparticles using Syk inhibitor cell-based impedance spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2008, 80:5487–5493.CrossRef 23. Chen

J, Feng L, Zhang M, Zhang X, Su H, Cui D: Synthesis of ribonuclease-A conjugated Ag 2 S quantum dots clusters via biomimetic route. Mater Lett 2013, 96:224–227.CrossRef 24. Huang P, Lin J, Li Z, Hu H, Wang K, Gao G, He R, Cui D: A general strategy for metallic nanocrystals synthesis in organic medium. Chem Commun 2010, 46:4800–4802.CrossRef 25. Shen S, Wang Q: Rational tuning the optical properties of metal sulfide nanocrystals and their applications. Chem Mater 2012, 25:1166–1178.CrossRef 26. Jasieniak J, Bullen C, van Embden J, Mulvaney P: Phosphine-free synthesis of CdSe nanocrystals. J Phys Chem B 2005, 109:20665–20668.CrossRef 27. Clapp AR, Goldman ER, Mattoussi H: Capping of CdSe–ZnS quantum dots with DHLA and subsequent conjugation with proteins. Nat Protoc 2006, 1:1258–1266.CrossRef 28. Mattoussi H, Heine J, Kuno M, Michel J, Bawendi M, Jensen K: Evidence of photo-and Selleckchem AZD6738 electrodarkening of (CdSe) ZnS quantum dot composites. Jpn J Appl Phys 2000, 87:8526–8534.CrossRef 29. Hauck TS, Anderson RE, Fischer HC, Newbigging S, Chan WC: In vivo quantum‒dot toxicity assessment. Small 2010, 6:138–144.CrossRef 30. Yu WW, Qu L, Guo W, Peng X: Experimental determination of the extinction coefficient of CdTe, CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals. Chem Mater 2003, 15:2854–2860.CrossRef 31.

East DA, Mulvihill DP, Todd M, Bruce IJ: QD-antibody conjugates via carbodiimide-mediated coupling: a detailed study of the variables involved and a possible new mechanism for the coupling reaction under basic cAMP aqueous conditions. Langmuir 2011, 27:13888–13896.CrossRef 32. Ruan J, Ji J, Song H, Qian Q, Wang K, Wang C, Cui D: Fluorescent magnetic nanoparticle-labeled mesenchymal stem cells for targeted imaging and hyperthermia therapy of in vivo gastric cancer. Nanoscale Res Lett 2012, 7:309.CrossRef 33. Yan C, Tang F, Li L, Li H, Huang X, Chen D, Meng X, Ren J: Synthesis of aqueous CdTe/CdS/ZnS core/shell/shell quantum dots by a chemical aerosol flow method. Nanoscale Res Lett 2010, 5:189–194.CrossRef 34. Hardman R: A toxicologic review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors. Environ Health Persp 2006, 114:165.CrossRef 35.

To our knowledge, only two methods have been reported on the growth of seedless ZnO nanostructures on graphene via low-temperature liquid phase method. The term ‘seedless’ refers to the omission of pre-deposition of the ZnO seed layer by other processes and metal catalysts. Kim et al. reported the growth of ZnO nanorods on graphene without any seed layer by hydrothermal method, but the obtained results show low density of nanostructures [15]. Xu et al. reported the seedless growth of ZnO nanotubes

and nanorods on graphene by electrochemical deposition [28, 29]. They reported the growth of highly dense ZnO nanostructures by using solely zinc nitrate as the electrolyte with the PS-341 chemical structure introduction of oxidation process of graphene prior to actual growth. They also Akt inhibitor reported that the diameter, length, and morphology of the nanostructures showed significant dependencies on the growth parameters such as current density, precursor concentration, and growth time. Several other reports also indicated that current density plays an important role in inducing the growth of ZnO nanostructures on the seedless substrate [30, 31]. Recently, Aziz et al. reported the electrodeposition of highly dense ZnO nanorods on single-layer (SL) graphene [30]. Furthermore, the distance between the electrodes and the molarity of electrolyte are also able to give significant effects

on the properties of the resulting nanostructures [32]. Generally, a change in distance between the two electrodes can change the rate of the electrolysis reaction due to the change in the level of current density. The shorter the distance between the electrodes, the higher the electric field and thus the higher current density will be applied [32]. In this paper, we report Amino acid the seedless growth of highly dense ZnO flower-shaped structures on multilayer (ML) graphene by a single-step cathodic electrochemical deposition method. Methods Figure 1a shows the schematic of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown ML graphene on a SiO2/Si substrate (Graphene Laboratories Inc., Calverton, NY, USA). The Nomarski optical image of ML graphene in Figure 1b

shows the visibility of graphene sheets on the SiO2/Si substrate with different numbers of layers [33] which is consistent with the measured Raman spectra shown in Figure 1c. Ferrari et al. reported that the two-dimensional (2D) peaks which occur at approximately 2,700 cm−1 for bulk graphite have much ABT737 broader and upshifted 2D band which can be correlated to few-layer graphene [34]. Figure 1 CVD-grown ML graphene and electrochemical deposition. (a) Schematic of ML graphene substrate, (b) Nomarski image of ML graphene, (c) Raman spectra for as-received ML graphene (the measured regions were identified in the circles), (d) schematic of electrochemical deposition setup, and (e) time chart for electrochemical growth process.

The average spacing between the stacks was 2.5 to 2.6 Å (111), as estimated from the HRTEM image (Figure 7b). Figure 8 TEM micrograph (a), SAED pattern (inset of a), and HRTEM image (b) of cubic TaN nanoparticles. Discussion The phase-pure cubic TaN nanoparticles reported here have proven to be difficult to synthesize in previous attempts using solid-state metathesis reactions [12–14]. However, our experimental results clearly indicate that cubic-phase δ-TaN nanoparticles can be produced at moderate temperatures, within several or tens of seconds by combustion of the K2TaF7 + (5 + k) NaN3 + kNH4F mixture under 2.0 MPa of nitrogen pressure. The entire combustion

process, with the optimized NH4F amount used (4.0 mol), can be presented as follows: (1) As shown above, the forming of cubic TaN from the exothermic mixture of K2TaF7 + 5NaN3 TSA HDAC ic50 composition GS-4997 does not occur despite a relatively high combustion temperature (1,170°C). Under conditions, however, the addition of ammonium fluoride to the reaction mixture had a favorable effect on the cubic-phase

δ-TaN nanoparticle buy A-1210477 synthesis, despite large drops in the combustion temperature (850°C; k = 4). The replacement of NH4F with NH4Cl slightly lowered the combustion temperature to 850°C (k = 4). However, cubic-phase δ-TaN nanoparticles were obtained. Therefore, the addition of ammonium halides to the combustion reaction can provide low pressure and temperature route for the synthesis of the cubic TaN. Ammonium halides appear to have two functions: acting first as a heat sink and then as a source of nitrogen and hydrogen. According to Equation 1, each mole of NH4F added to the mixture required 1.0 mol of NaN3 in order to neutralize HF, which forms after the decomposition of NH4F. Therefore, the intermediate gas phase products of the combustion process may consist of NH3, N2, and H2. However, at higher combustion temperatures (>500°C), a decomposition of NH3 occurs, and N2 and

H2 gases become dominant. A simple estimation from Equation 1 shows that the total amounts of N2 and H2 in the combustion wave are 15.5 and 8 mol, respectively. We think that the presence next of N2 and H2 gases in the combustion wave is the key factor, making cubic TaN formation favorable. In order to prove this assumption, we have prepared a hydrogen-free mixture of K2TaF7 + 5.175ZnF2 + 10.35 NaN3 composition and combusted under 2.0 MPa nitrogen pressure. The combustion process in the given system can be presented as follows: (2) In this process, the total amount of NaN3 was set at 10.35 mol to produce 15.5 mol of N2, as seen in the reaction (Equation 2). The combustion temperature of the K2TaF7 + 5.175ZnF2 + 10.35 NaN3 mixture measured by thermocouples was 900°C. The reaction product after acid leaching was a black powder and was a component from hexagonal ε-TaN and Ta2N according to XRD analysis.

Results Sporadic strains The strains isolated in 2006 (n = 82) were discriminated into 77 types by MLVA (Figure 1) and into 23 pulsotypes by PFGE (Figure 2). There were two YE 4/O:3 strains with identical MLVA types in only five cases. In two of these cases, the identical strains had been isolated from one patient 7 days apart

and from another patient 19 days apart. The discriminatory index for sporadic strains was www.selleckchem.com/products/dorsomorphin-2hcl.html 0.862 for PFGE and 0.999 for MLVA. Figure 1 MLVA tree. UPGMA clustering of the MLVA results, with Pearson’s correlation similarity coefficients, was performed using Bionumerics version 5.10. The key column Doramapimod provides the strain ID. Information on bio/serotype, travel abroad or place of domicile (PoD), MLVA types named as a string of six numbers showing the actual number of repeat units in each of the six loci, PFGE pulsotype, and antimicrobial resistance are presented in the columns.

*Strains isolated from a 1-year old children in the case of a suspected outbreak with PFGE pulsotype 5NotI_ye_a. Figure 2 PFGE types of the studied strains. All 24 representative PFGE types of 104 strains in the present study. * The strain number includes the outbreak types. The see more six loci used in MLVA V2A exhibited the highest discriminatory power (DI = 92%), resolving 17 different alleles. The least variation was observed for locus V9 (DI = 62%), which yielded only six different alleles, i.e., 2-7 repeats of a repetitive sequence 12 bp in length. The discriminatory indexes of loci V4, V5, V6, and V7 were 71, 89, 91, and 90%, respectively. The fragment sizes defined by the capillary electrophoresis of the six VNTR loci and the number of repeats confirmed by DNA sequencing are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Diversity of VNTR alleles. Number of the repeats V2A TCTCAC (bp) n† V4 CGGCAAC (bp) n V5 GGTGCA (bp) n V6 GACTCA (bp) n V7 GTGCTG (bp) n V9 ATGTCGGTAGAA (bp) n 2 –   119* 49     –   –   108 2 3 246* 2 126* 26     182 1 –   120* 52 4 252 5 133* 9 199 2 188* 5 195* 4 132 8 5 258 6 140 0 205 4 194 5 201* 8 144* 40 6 264

10 147 15 211 3 200* 11 207 19 156 2 7 270 6 154* SPTLC1 4 217 6 206* 21 213 13 168* 3 8 276 6 161 4 223* 25 212* 13 219 12 –   9 282* 7 –   229 17 218 2 225 9 –   10 288 10 –   235 15 224 12 231 9 –   11 294 6 –   241 8 230 9 237 7 –   12 300 10 –   247 6 236 10 243 1 –   13 306 20 –   253 6 242 4 249 4 –   14 312 4 –   259 5 248 2 255* 16 –   15 318 3 –   265* 5 254 3 261 3 –   16 324 1 –   271 3 260 3 267 – -   17 330* 7 –   277 1 266 2 273 – -   18 336 3 –   283 – 272 – 279 – -   19 342 1 –   290 1 278 – 285 – -   20 –   –   –   284 2 291 1 –   21 –   –   –   300 2 297 – -   22 –   –   –       303* 1 –   Fragment sizes (bp) defined by capillary electrophoresis of VNTR alleles with different number of repeats and their diversity in 107 studied Y. enterocolitica strains. * Alleles were sequenced to confirm the number of repeats.