Donor agencies should encourage and facilitate development of career opportunities for such personnel so that local expertise is available to contribute appropriately.”
“For identification and quantification of desired and undesired products during epoxy resin formation, polymerization of bisphenol-A with the stoichiometric excess of epichlorohydrin is carried out using catalytic excess of alkali. The reaction is monitored using Fourier transform infra-red

(FT-IR) spectroscopy technique. Major undesired products are unreacted monomers (bisphenol-A and Metabolism inhibitor epichlorohydrin) and byproducts (chlorine and a-glycol substituted diglycidal ether of bisphenol-A), whereas the desired product is only diglycidal ether of bisphenol-A. Molar concentrations of epichlorohydrin, bisphenol-A, diglycidal ether of bisphenol-A, chlorine substituted resin, and a-glycol substituted resin in the polymerization mixture are analyzed and quantified using FT-IR characteristic frequency bands at 925, 3448, 1344, 773, and 3641 cm-1, respectively. For optimal determination of process parameters on polymerization, effect of temperature and alkali loading on epoxy polymerization is carried to maximize the yield of diglycidal ether of bisphenol-A with simultaneous minimizing the byproducts formation. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Background: The increasing

trend in body mass index (BMI) and overweight in rapidly developing economies is well recognized.

Objective: JQ-EZ-05 mw We assessed the association between socioeconomic status

and BMI and overweight in low-to middle-income countries.

Design: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of nationally selleckchem representative samples of 538,140 women aged 15-49 y drawn from 54 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1994 and 2008. BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height squared in meters, was specified as the outcome, and a BMI (in kg/m(2)) of >= 25 was additionally specified to model the likelihood of being overweight. Household wealth and education were included as markers of individual socioeconomic status, and per capita Gross Domestic Product (pcGDP) was included as a marker of country-level economic development.

Results: Globally, a one-quartile increase in wealth was associated with a 0.54 increase in BMI (95% CI: 0.50, 0.64) and a 33% increase in overweight (95% CI: 26%, 41%) in adjusted models. Although the strength of this association varied across countries, the association between wealth and BMI and overweight was positive in 96% (52 of 54) of the countries. Similar patterns were observed in urban and rural areas, although SES gradients tended to be greater in urban areas. There was a positive association between pcGDP and BMI or overweight, with only weak evidence of an interaction between pcGDP and wealth.

The condition results in altered electrical membrane properties (EMPs) of fetal neurons, which are qualitatively identical to those of trisomy 16 fetal mice (Ts16), an animal model of the human condition. Ts16 hippocampal cultured neurons reportedly exhibit increased voltage-dependent calcium currents ( (Ca)) amplitude. Since Ts16 animals are unviable, we have established immortalized cell lines from the

cerebral cortex of Ts16 (named CTb) and normal littermates (named CNh). Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we have now studied (Ca) in CTb and CNh cells. Current activation occurs at -40 mV in both cell lines ( (holding) = -80 mV). Trisomic cells exhibited a 2.4 fold increase in the maximal Ca2+ current density compared to normal cells (CNh = -6.3 +/-

Smoothened Agonist ACY-738 Epigenetics inhibitor A 0.77 pA/pF, = 18; CTb = -16.4 +/- A 2.423 pA/pF; < 0.01, = 13). Time dependent kinetics for activation and inactivation did not differ between the two cell types. However, steady state inactivation studies revealed a 15 mV shift toward more depolarized potentials in the trisomic condition, suggesting that altered voltage dependence of inactivation may underlie the increased current density. Further, the total charge movement across the membrane is increased in CTb cells, in agreement with that expected by the potential sensitivity shift. These results indicate that CTb cells present altered Ca2+ currents, similar to those of Ts16 primary cultured central neurons. The CTb cell line represents Bax apoptosis a model for studying DS-related impairments of EMPs.”
“Background: Cranberry juice contains polyphenolic compounds that could improve endothelial function and reduce cardiovascular disease risk.

Objective: The objective was to examine the effects of cranberry juice on vascular function in subjects with coronary artery disease.

Design: We completed an acute pilot study with no placebo (n = 15)

and a chronic placebo-controlled crossover study (n = 44) that examined the effects of cranberry juice on vascular function in subjects with coronary artery disease.

Results: In the chronic crossover study, subjects with coronary heart disease consumed a research preparation of double-strength cranberry juice (54% juice, 835 mg total polyphenols, and 94 mg anthocyanins) or a matched placebo beverage (480 mL/d) for 4 wk each with a 2-wk rest period between beverages. Beverage order was randomly assigned, and participants refrained from consuming other flavonoid-containing beverages during the study. Vascular function was measured before and after each beverage, with follow-up testing >= 12 h after consumption of the last beverage. Mean (+/- SD) carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, a measure of central aortic stiffness, decreased after cranberry juice (8.3 +/- 2.3 to 7.8 +/- 2.2 m/s) in contrast with an increase after placebo (8.0 +/- 2.0 to 8.4 +/- 2.8 m/s) (P = 0.003).

With x-ray computed tomography, we examine settling of the particulate

phase in both flowing and quiescent curing systems and compare the experimental results to the model predictions. check details The model is also validated with temperature measurements. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 1587-1598, 2011″
“We report a rare case of a woman with bilateral papillary cystadenomata of the broad ligament with von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) (other manifestations: capillary hemangioblastomas of the spinal cord). Patient surveillance is important, because in the course of VHL-associated tumors malignant lesions may arise that are relevant for the prognosis.”
“Dysprosium-added sintered magnets were prepared from blends of Nd-15.5(Fe,Co,Ga)(78.2)B-6.3 and Dy2S3 powders; their microstructure and magnetic properties were compared to those of the magnets made with Dy2O3 additions or from single (Nd,Dy)-(Fe,Co,Ga)-B alloys. The addition of Dy2S3 leads to replacement of the neodymium oxide phases in the sintered magnets by the Nd2O2S and NdS phases. The EPZ5676 in vitro magnets prepared with both the Dy2S3 and Dy2O3 powders exhibited inhomogeneous distribution of Dy within the (Nd,Dy)(2)Fe14B grains with Dy-rich outer grain regions. However, in a marked difference from the Dy2O3-added and single-alloy magnets, where the grain-boundary

oxide phases were Dy-rich, the magnets prepared with Dy2S3 had their sulfur-containing grain-boundary phases depleted of Dy. With the larger fraction of Dy atoms available for alloying the main (Nd,Dy)(2)Fe14B

phase, the magnets prepared with Dy2S3 showed the largest coercivity gain per 1 at.% of the added Dy. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3574444]“
“The ring-opening polymerization of L- or D-lactide was realized in the presence of dihydroxyl or monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a number-average molecular weight beta-catenin inhibitor of 2000. The resulting low-molar-mass poly(L-lactide) (PLLA)/PEG and poly(D-lactide) (PDLA)/PEG triblock and diblock copolymers were characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry, size-exclusion chromatography, and X-ray diffractometric analysis. Bioresorbable hydrogels were successfully prepared from aqueous solutions containing both copolymers because of interactions and stereocomplexation between the PLLA and PDLA blocks. Gelation was evaluated with the tube inverting method and rheological measurements. A phase diagram was realized with gel-sol transitions as a function of concentration. The rheological properties of the hydrogels were investigated under various conditions through changes in the copolymer concentration, temperature, time, and frequency. It was concluded that the hydrogels constituted a dynamic and evolutive system because of the continuous formation/destruction of cross-links and degradation.

We have calculated local moments using the locally self-consistent multiple scattering (LSMS) method for a supercell containing a screw-dislocation quadrupole. Finite size effects are found to be significant indicating that dislocation cores affect the electronic structure and magnetic moments of neighboring dislocations. The influence of neighboring dislocations points to a need to study individual dislocations from first principles just as they appear amid surrounding SN-38 supplier atoms in large-scale classical force field simulations. An approach for the use of the LSMS to calculate local moments in subvolumes of large atomic configurations

generated in the course of classical molecular dynamics simulation of dislocation dynamics is discussed. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3562217]“
“Background: Phrenic stimulation (PS) may cause intolerable symptoms and prevent CRT delivery in 2-5% of patients. We sought to ensure effective cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) delivery by management of PS at the left ventricular (LV) target site.

Methods

and Results: Two hundred and eleven consecutive patients received a CRT device despite PS occurrence at the LV target site at implantation, when a PS-LV difference >2V was achieved by LV stimulation programming (cathode, pacing vector). PS management strategy both at implantation and at follow-up (FU) BLZ945 cost aimed to keep the target LV implantation site. LV reverse remodeling was assessed by echocardiography before selleck chemicals implantation and at follow-up. LV lead placement was lateral/posterolateral in all the 211 patients; 51 of 211 had detectable PS at FU, 26 of 211 (12.3%) were symptomatic. Symptoms occurred

more frequently when PS-LV difference was <3V (16/16 vs 10/35, P < 0.001). Cathode and pacing vector reprogramming improved the PS-LV difference and symptoms in 14 of 23 patients. LV output as threshold +0.5V was helpful to manage PS symptoms in patients with a PS-LV <= 2V at FU. Median FU was 34.9 (16-50) months: 12 patients had tolerable PS symptoms, 76% (39/51) were objective responders at echocardiography compared to 74% (119/160) in patients without PS (P = NS).

Conclusions: CRT delivery at long term is feasible despite PS at the target LV site. PS management is mandatory in about 12.3% of patients at FU, with 6.6% remaining symptomatic. Symptoms improve at FU when a PS-LV >3V is achieved. Further improvement in lead manufacturing and pacing electronics are awaited to meet this clinical need. (PACE 2011; 34:1201-1208)”
“Helicobacter pylori colonizes a large proportion of the world’s population, with infection invariably leading to chronic, lifelong gastritis.

However, detection of such small beads is often hindered by inductive pick-up and other spurious signals. The present work demonstrates an unambiguous experimental route for detection of small magnetic moments and provides a simple theoretical background for it. The reliability of the method has been tested

for a variety of InSb Hall sensors in the range 600 nm-5 mu m. Complete characterization of empty devices, involving Hall coefficients and noise measurements, has been performed and detection of a single FePt bead with diameter of 140 nm and magnetic moment of mu approximate to 10(8) mu(B) has been achieved with a 600 nm-wide sensor. [doi:10.1063/1.3514097]“
“BACKGROUND: The problem of AMR remains MDV3100 unsolved because standardized schemes for diagnosis and treatment remains contentious. Therefore, a consensus conference was organized to discuss the current status of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in heart transplantation.

METHODS: The conference included 83 participants (transplant cardiologists, surgeons, immunologists and pathologists) representing 67 heart transplant centers from North America, Europe, and Asia who all participated in smaller

break-out sessions to discuss the various topics of AMR and attempt to achieve consensus.

RESULTS: A tentative pathology diagnosis of AMR was established, Apoptosis inhibitor however, the pathologist felt that further discussion was needed prior to a formal recommendation for AMR diagnosis. One of the most important outcomes of this conference was that a clinical definition for AMR (cardiac dysfunction and/or circulating donor-specific antibody) was no longer believed to be required due to recent publications demonstrating that asymptomatic (no cardiac dysfunction) biopsy-proven AMR is associated with subsequent greater mortality and greater development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. It was also noted that donor-specific antibody is not always detected

during AMR episodes as the antibody may be adhered to the donor heart. Finally, recommendations were made for the timing for specific staining of endomyocardial biopsy LB-100 cell line specimens and the frequency by which circulating antibodies should be assessed. Recommendations for management and future clinical trials were also provided.

CONCLUSIONS: The AMR Consensus Conference brought together clinicians, pathologists and immunologists to further the understanding of AMR. Progress was made toward a pathology AMR grading scale and consensus was accomplished regarding several clinical issues. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:252-69 (C) 2011 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation All rights reserved.

The primary dependent variable was current weekly urinary incontinence (once per week or more often) versus urinary incontinence less than monthly (including no incontinence) in past 12 months. Associations of parturition Birinapant Apoptosis inhibitor events and later incontinence were assessed in multivariate analysis with logistic regression. Results: The mean age of participants was 56 years. After adjustment for multiple risk factors, weekly urinary incontinence significantly associated with age at first birth (P = 0.036), greatest birth weight (P = 0.005), and ever having been induced for labor (OR =

1.51; 95% CI = 1.06-2.16, P = 0.02). Risk of incontinence increased from OR = 1.35 (95% CI = 0.92-1.97, P = 0.12) for women with one induction to OR = 2.67 (95% CI = 1.25-5.71, P = 0.01) for women with two or more inductions (P = 0.01 for trend). No other parturition factors were associated with incontinence. Conclusions: Younger age at first birth, greatest birth weight, and induction of labor were associated with an increased risk of incontinence in later life. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:1456-1461, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Pseudomonas

nitroreducens MILB-8054A isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil, immobilized on calcium PF-04929113 concentration alginate beads, and under resting cell condition, produced biosurfactants. Immobilized cells gave a best yield of 5.6 g rhamnolipid l(-1) using sucrose as carbon source. Time course study using resting cells showed that 2 % v/v of palm oil (preculture carbon source) and 10 % diesel (carbon source) gave the best rhamnolipid yield of 5.1 g l(-1) at pH 8 and temperature of 30 A degrees C. Carbon utilization by resting cells was compared with that of growing cells. The

best biosurfactant recovery procedure was acetone extraction.”
“Background: Administration MEK inhibitor of high transfusion ratios in patients not requiring massive transfusion might be harmful. We aimed to determine the effect of high ratios of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelets (PLT) to packed red blood cells (PRBC) in nonmassively transfused patients.

Methods: Records of 1,788 transfused trauma patients who received <10 units of PRBC in 24 hours at 23 United States Level I trauma centers were reviewed. The relationship between ratio category (low and high) and in-hospital mortality was assessed with propensity-adjusted multivariate proportional hazards models.

Results: At baseline, patients transfused with a high FFP:PRBC ratio were younger, had a lower Glasgow Coma Scale score, and a higher Injury Severity Score. Those receiving a high PLT:PRBC ratio were older. The risk of in-hospital mortality did not vary significantly with FFP:PRBC ratio category. Intensive care unit (ICU)-free days, hospital-free days, and ventilator-free days did not vary significantly with FFP:PRBC ratio category.

However, COX-2 induced by LPS

was not significantly altered by the Corni fructus extract. The Corni fructus extract contains anti-oxidant components including phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanin at the concentration of 18.07, 2.31 and 7.83 mg/g, respectively. The subsequent chloroform fraction enriched with flavonoids almost completely blocked the iNOS induction and NO production Caspase inhibitor caused by LPS in the Raw cells.”
“Linear (1-arm) and star-shaped (4-, 6-, and 16-arm) poly(D,L-lactide)s (PDLLs) were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization in bulk of D,L-lactide monomer. Hydroxyl end-group compounds and stannous octoate were used as the initiator and catalyst, respectively. The intrinsic https://www.selleckchem.com/products/kpt-8602.html viscosity and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the PDLLs decreased steadily as the branch arm number increased for similar molecular weights. However,

the intrinsic viscosity and Tg values of the linear PDLL were less than the star-shaped PDLL for similar each PDLL arm lengths. Ibuprofen, a poorly water soluble model drug was entrapped in the PDLL microspheres. All drug-loaded PDLL microspheres were prepared by the oil-in-water emulsion solvent evaporation method, were spherical in shape, and had a smooth surface with fine dispersibility. In vitro drug release behaviors indicated that the drug release from the microspheres with higher branch arm number was faster than from those with lower branch arm 3-deazaneplanocin A number. Moreover, the drug release from the star-shaped PDLL microspheres was

slower than that of the linear PDLL microspheres for similar PDLL arm lengths. The drug release behavior could be adjusted through both the branch arm number and arm length of PDLL. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Lattice dynamics, low-temperature electrical transport, and high-temperature thermoelectric properties of (In, Yb)-doped CoSb3 thin films on different substrates are reported. Pulsed laser deposition under optimized conditions yielded single-phase polycrystalline skutterudite films. Raman spectroscopy studies suggested that In and Yb dopants occupy the cage sites in the skutterudite lattice. Low-temperature electrical transport studies revealed the n-type semiconducting nature of the films with extrinsic and intrinsic conduction mechanisms, in sharp contrast to the degenerate nature reported for identical bulk samples. Calculations yielded a direct bandgap close to 50 meV with no evidence of an indirect gap. The carrier concentration of the films was identical to that reported for the bulk and increased with temperature beyond 250 K. The higher resistivity exhibited is attributed to the enhanced grain boundary scattering in films with a high concentration of grains. The maximum power factor of similar to 0.

(C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3561438]“
“To investigate the effectiveness of melatonin and rosiglitazone in reducing postoperative adhesion formation in a rat uterine horn model.

Thirty non-pregnant female Wistar albino rats, weighing 180-220 g, were used as a model for postoperative adhesion formation. The rats were randomised into three groups after seven standard lesions were inflicted in a 2-cm segment of each uterine horn and lower abdominal sidewall using bipolar cauterisation. The rats were treated with 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal melatonin, and 1 mg/kg per day peroral rosiglitazone. No medication was given to the control group. As much as 20 uterine horns

of 10 rats were evaluated in each group. Extent, severity, GSK1904529A chemical structure and degree of the adhesions to the uterine horns and, inflammation BMS-777607 molecular weight and fibrosis scores (histopathologically) were evaluated after 2 weeks of the treatment.

There was no mortality in the groups and all of the rats recovered without incident after

operation. Rosiglitazone group had lower adhesion scores [median (min-max ranges)] regarding extent, severity, and degree of the adhesions [0 (0-3), 0 (0-3) and 0 (0-3), respectively], which were significantly different (P < 0.001, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) from those of the controls [1 (0-3), 2 (0-2) and 2 (0-3), respectively]; however, there were no statistically significant differences between rosiglitazone versus melatonin groups [1 (0-4), 2 (0-3) and 1 (0-3), respectively] and melatonin versus control groups. Moreover, no significant differences were determined between groups regarding histopathologic findings.

Rosiglitazone, but

not melatonin, is effective in prevention of adhesion formation in a rat uterine horn model.”
“The labeling of probes with fluorine-18 [F-18, beta(+); 96.7%] continues to play a considerably important role in the development of positron emission tomography (PET) as a modality for both clinical research and clinical diagnoses. This review summarizes the strategies and recent developments in the fluorine-18 labeling of probes for PET imaging. Problems and issues relating to the practical production A-1210477 of fluorine-18 currently in widespread use are also discussed.”
“In this paper, we report on the magnetic, heat capacity, and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of the Gd3Rh compound. MCE has been calculated in terms of isothermal entropy change (Delta S-M) and adiabatic temperature change (Delta T-ad) using the heat capacity data in different fields. The maximum values of Delta S-M and Delta T-ad are 9.2 and similar to 4.4 J/kg K, respectively, for a field change of 50 kOe, whereas the relative cooling power is similar to 473 J/kg for the same field change. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.

On the contrary, arterial thrombosis is Far less frequent, and a case of a patient with Klinefelter’s syndrome presenting QNZ solubility dmso with simultaneous venous thrombtoembolic disease and a complete thrombosis of the left subclavian artery is presented. Elevated levels of type I plasminogen activator inhibitor, in the absence of other usual thrombophilic abnormalities., raise the question of the role played by this inhibitor

of the fibrinolysis in the arterial and venous thromboses presented by this patient.”
“Background: Oxidative stress has emerged as a strong pathogenic cofactor implicated in the development of long-term complications in hemodialysis (HD) patients, such as anemia, and as a major component of the malnutrition inflammation complex syndrome. This prospective multicenter study aimed at evaluating the short-term effects of the new vitamin E (vitE)-coated polysulfone (PS) membrane (VitabranE) on biocompatibility performances and anemia in HD patients.

Methods: After a 3-month washout period with a high-flux synthetic dialyzer, 43 HD patients were switched to a vitE-PS dialyzer. Sampling was performed at baseline buy Nutlin-3 (corresponding to the end of the washout period) and after 1, 2 and 3 months of treatment. Oxidative stress status, as well as inflammatory parameters, was investigated

at the end of each study period. Hemoglobin levels and administered doses of recombinant human erythropoietin or epoetin (EPO) were available in each center.

Results: The use of vitE-coated membranes for 3 months was not associated with any change in inflammatory parameters.

By contrast, vitE-PS dialyzer resulted in a progressive increase in red blood cell (RBC) vitE concentration and in RBC superoxide dismutase activity. A concomitant progressive significant www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-263.html decrease in advanced oxidation protein product concentration at 2 months was observed, suggesting a preventive effect on oxidative stress. Finally, a significant decrease of the erythropoietin resistance index was obtained after 3 months of treatment.

Conclusions: Use of the vitE-PS membrane during a short period improves erythrocyte antioxidant defense mechanisms and seems to lead to a reduction in EPO requirements in HD patients.”
“A 57-year-old man of northern Italian and Polish descent with a late-onset, mild form of hereditary factor VII deficiency developed bilateral intracranial subdural hematomas after performing sit-ups whil he was in a head-down position on an inversion table.”
“Background: Evidence regarding the optimal dose of tacrolimus (TAC) in treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) remains inconclusive. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of low-dose TAC combined with prednisone for patients with IMN.

The solubility of GLY in oils, cosurfactants, and surfactants was evaluated to identify the components of the microemulsion. The ternary diagram was plotted to identify the area of microemulsion existence. The in vitro dissolution pro. le of GLY SMEDDS was evaluated in comparison to the marketed GLY tablet and pure drug in pH 1.2 and pH 7.4 buffers. The chemical stability of GLY in SMEDDS was determined as per the International Conference on Harmonisation

guidelines. The area of microemulsion existence increased with the increase in the cosurfactant (Transcutol P) concentration. The GLY microemulsion exhibited globule size of 133.5 nm and polydispersity index of 0.94. The stability studies indicated that GLY undergoes significant degradation in the developed SMEDDS. This observation was totally selleck chemical unexpected and has been noticed for the first time. Further

investigations indicated that the rate of GLY degradation was highest in Transcutol P.”
“Wan-chak-motluk is a Thai local name for native species of Curcuma (Zingiberaceae) that produce phytoestrogen in their rhizomes. Wan-chak-motluk has long been used in Thai traditional medicine for treatment of illness in the uterus and ovarian hormone deficit, and therefore it is cultivated for economic purposes throughout Thailand. this website The rhizome morphology of wan-chak-motluk is highly variable and this may be

related to its medicinal properties. Thus, this study aimed to identify and classify wan-chak-motluk collected from cultivation sites in 16 provinces of Thailand. Chromosome numbers, together with inflorescent, floral, and leaf morphology, were used to separate wan-chak-motluk into five cultivars belonging to three species: C. comosa, C. elata, and C. latifolia. Curcuma comosa has short (2-5 cm) peduncle, glabrous lower leaf, and consists of two cultivars. One cultivar has a cylindrical spike 13-17 cm long and 5-8 cm wide, whereas the cylindrical spike of the other cultivar is shorter (10-15 cm) but larger (8-12 cm). The former cultivar has 2n = 42 and find more the latter has 2n = 63, seldom 2n = 62 or 64. Both C. elata and C. latifolia have long (10-25 cm) peduncle and pubescent lower leaf. They differ in that C. latifolia has 2n = 63 and 84 with a red path along the midrib, whereas C. elata has 2n = 63 without a red path along the midrib. This study shows that chromosome numbers can be used to accurately verify the taxonomic identification of wan-chak-motluk.”
“Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes serious zoonosis in South Asia, Southeast Asia and other areas. Pigs are an important reservoir for this virus in nature. The treatment of JEV infection in pigs is important for controlling the prevalence of JEV in humans and economic losses in pig farming.