15) In the absence of contraindications, NSAIDs constitute the first-line pharmacological

treatment of symptomatic spondyloarthritis (A) (10). 22) TNFα antagonist therapy should be offered to patients with persistent disease activity despite conventional treatment, according to Doxorubicin ic50 the recommendations shown in Fig. 1 (D) (9,8). Fig. 1.  Indications for TNFα antagonist therapy. 28) Total arthroplasty can be offered to patients of any age who have structural joint damage responsible for refractory pain and severe functional impairments (D) (10). Several unresolved issues regarding the management of patients with spondyloarthritis were identified by the task force: • definition and criteria of remission

in spondyloarthritis (depending on the phenotypic form); These practice guidelines will now be disseminated. In 2 years (2016), the task force plans to evaluate their impact and to decide, based on the availability of new data, on a revision date. D.W. conducts occasional interventions for AbbVie, BMS, MSD, Pfizer, Roche Chugai, Amgen, Nordic Pharma, UCB, SOBI, andet Sanofi Aventis and reports indirect interests in Abbvie, Pfizer, Roche Chugai, Servier, and MSD. C.L. conducts occasional interventions for Abbvie, BMS, MSD, Pfizer, Roche-Chugai, and UCB. P.C. conducts occasional interventions for Abbvie, BMS, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, Roche-Chugai, and UCB and reports indirect interests (including P-type ATPase grants or donations to SRT1720 ic50 an organization) in Pfizer and Roche-Chugai. P.G. conducts occasional interventions for Abbvie, BMS, Janssen, Lilly,

MSD, Pfizer, Roche-Chugai, and UCB and reports indirect interests (including grants or donations to an organization) in Abbvie, BMS, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Pfizer, Roche-Chugai, and UCB. B.C. reports long-lasting or permanent ties with MSD, Pfizer, Roche-Chugai, and UCB; as well as indirect interests (including grants or donations to an organization) in Pfizer and Roche-Chugai. He also conducts occasional interventions for Abbvie, BMS, Cellegen, Lilly, Nordic, Novartis, and Vertex. F.G. conducts occasional interventions for GSK (scientific committee) and Pfizer (symposiums) and receives grants from Expansciences, Merck, and Sanofi. C.H. conducts occasional interventions for Abbvie, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, MSD, and BMS. He also receives grants from Expansciences, Merck, and Sanofi. C.M. conducts occasional interventions for Abbvie, BMS, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, Roche-Chugai, and UCB and reports indirect interests in Abbvie, Pfizer, Roche-Chugai, and UCB. M.D. receives honoraria paid to him personally for work as a consultant or speaker in the field of spondyloarthritis during satellite symposia organized by Pfizer, Abbvie, UCB, Eli-Lilly, Sanofi-Aventis, Roche, and Novartis.

On day 11 (17 March), the patient’s clinical symptoms had resolved except for occasional cough and blood in sputum. The patient’s body temperature had decreased to within the normal range. SpO2 rose to 98%. Chest-CT scanning showed that inflammation was absorbed compared to the findings from 10 March, but irregular opacities remained in the mid-lower lobe of the right lung (Fig. 1c). On 18 March, the patient was discharged from the hospital. On 24 April, the patient came back for follow-up.

CT scanning clearly showed that inflammation was further absorbed compared to earlier findings (Fig. 1d). Blood cell counts and liver function tests were within the normal ranges (Table 1). We tested AMPK inhibitor the patient’s pulmonary function during his hospitalization (11 March) and found restricted pulmonary ventilation disorder (FEV1%:45%, FEV1/FEVC%:102%, FVC%:48) and diffuse dysfunction (DLCO%:49%). Approximately 5 weeks after the

patient was discharged from the hospital (24 April), pulmonary function tests became normal (FEV1%: 94%, FEV1/FVC%:114%, FVC%:86%. DLCO%:85). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient who recovered from pneumonia caused by a lethal case of human avian-origin influenza virus H7N9. H7N9 virus was not found in the throat swab specimens obtained from this patient on 8 March; however, specific viral antibody IgG was detected in recovery serum (IgG:1:40) at the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention on 13 April. Therefore, this patient was confirmed to be infected with H7N9. The patient complained ZD1839 purchase of fever, cough, and blood in sputum and presented with decreased WBC count after virus infection. Blood test showed increased enzyme levels (LDH, CK, CK-MB, ALT, and AST), with especially high levels of LDH and CK. Chest-CT revealed ground glass changes, and hypoxaemia was noticed after admission, suggesting high H7N9 viral virulence. Antibacterial therapy did not yield positive results in the rapid progression

of the disease. We considered the possibility of influenza virus infection. Oseltamivir and amantadine were administered as antiviral therapy Cobimetinib cost on day 4 after admission. Although we did not use oseltamivir and amantadine in the first 48 h, clinical symptoms had significantly remitted. However, a 27-year-old male patient who was also positive for H7N9 died after active treatment for 6 days. Therefore, the prognosis of human H7N9 infection may be related to the viral load of H7N9, autoimmunity, and intervention time. The 27-year old patient was a pork trader in the live-poultry market and was admitted to the hospital almost a week after illness onset, during which time he was also actively positive for hepatitis B. The pathogenesis of human avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus infection is unknown.

Miniscrews are not a magic wand, but rather a valuable tool to enhance the quality of orthodontic treatment if they are properly used. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. “
“Fracture morphology of maxillofacial trauma is often complex, so the clinicians should be familiar with the imaging findings. Various radiographic methods have been used for

diagnosing maxillofacial trauma. Panoramic tomography is widely used for the screening of orofacial trauma as well as other diseases [1]. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is also used for diagnosing orofacial diseases [2]. However, despite a higher radiation dosage compared to radiography, in craniomaxillofacial injuries, CT is the imaging technique of choice to display the multiplicity of fragments, the rotation and dislocation

degree, or any skull base involvement find more [3]. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) allows high-quality multiplanar reformation selleck kinase inhibitor (MPR) and isotropic viewing; all of which improve the diagnostic power of this imaging modality, thus benefiting maxillofacial trauma patients, and can detect the non-displaced fractures and also provide valuable three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the more complex injuries in maxillofacial trauma [4], [5] and [6]. In recent years, MDCT with MPR and 3D images has become a standard part of the assessment of facial injury because of the exquisite sensitivity of this imaging technique for fracture [7], [8] and [9]. In this review, we will summarize the maxillofacial fractures using MDCT, especially mandibular fractures and midfacial fractures including maxillary Amoxicillin fractures. We will also discuss the temporal bone fractures associated with mandibular trauma and the radiation dose of MDCT. CT was more sensitive than panoramic tomography, particularly for fractures of the angle, ramus, or condyle [10]. Condylar fractures have been detected in 64.8% of all patients with mandibular fractures using MDCT [11]. For other studies, 48.0% of patients with mandibular fractures

had condylar fractures using radiographic examination [12], and condylar fractures accounted for 50.1% of the mandibular fractures using panoramic radiography and CT examinations [13]. We consider that prevalence of condylar fractures using MDCT was higher than those of other reports because of the exquisite sensitivity of MDCT. In this review, mandibular fractures were classified according to the distribution described by Lieger et al. [14] into four types: median, paramedian, angle and condylar types. The most common mandibular fracture site was the condyle (33.6%), followed by the angle (21.7%), and multiple fractures of the mandible were present in 48.6% of patients [15]. Regarding the distribution of mandibular fractures, the majority (25.0%) occurred in the condyle and 23.0% in the angle [16]. The condyle (38.2%) and median (27.0%) were most frequently involved in the mandible [17]. The fracture lines were multiple in 44.

Water was Milli-Q (Millipore, USA). General solvents were from Merck. Young (1 month) and mature (6 month) leaves from I. paraguariensis were collected randomly from two areas: from a disturbed forest enriched with Maté plants, and from a homogeneous group of cultivars, exposed to sunlight (monoculture), with geographical coordinates 27°37′15″ south, 52°22′47″ west at 765 m altitude (Barão de Cotegipe, State of Grande do Sul). Harvesting was in the winter month, July 2009. The leaves were grouped in four clusters:

mature sun-exposed and shade-submitted leaves, young sun-exposed and shade-submitted leaves. These were kept without processing (in natura), or subjected to blanching/drying (as with “chimarrão”) or oxidation (as with black tea), Ibrutinib price yielding 12 samples ( Supplementary Table 1). Freshly harvested leaves were dried in an oven with air circulation at 30 °C for 24 h. Thereafter, they were exposed to flame (“sapeco”) at 180 °C for 5 min (residual moisture ∼ 15%) and, then, dried at 65 °C for 90 min (moisture ∼ 5%). The leaves

were submitted to dehydration for 2 h using an oven with air circulation at 30 °C, and manually rolled at room temperature (25 °C) for 5 min. The leaves were then transferred to aluminium trays and submitted to experimental conditions (26 °C and 80% relative humidity) for 3 h. Thereafter, PD98059 they were dried at 70 °C for 120 min. The leaves were ground and a portion of 100 g of each was submitted to aqueous extraction (100 °C, 500 ml, x3). The extracts were combined and evaporated to a small volume. High molecular weight components were precipitated by addition to cold EtOH (x3 v/v), and separated by centrifugation (8.000 rpm

at 4 °C, 20 min). Ethanol-soluble fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure, and Tau-protein kinase were then freeze-dried and stored in freezer. Monosaccharides and oligosaccharides were analysed using HPTLC, performed with silica gel 60G plates (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The samples were prepared in water at 2 mg/ml, with 5 μl being applied to the plate, which was developed with EtOAc:H2O:HOAc:HCOOH (9:2.3:1:1). The carbohydrates were stained by orcinol–H2SO4 at 100 °C (Sassaki, Souza, Cipriani, & Iacomini, 2008). Samples (100 μg/ml) in MeOH–H2O (1:1, v/v) containing LiCl 5 mM, were submitted to positive and negative atmospheric pressure ionisation (API), recorded in a triple quadrupole, Quattro LC (Waters), with nitrogen as nebuliser and desolvation gas. Offline analyses were performed by direct injection of the samples into the ESI-MS source, aided by a syringe-infusion pump at a flow rate of 10 μl/min. Second stage tandem-MS profiles were obtained by collision induced dissociation-mass spectrometry (CID-MS), using argon as collision gas. UPLC was used for quantification of carbohydrates, xanthines and phenolics. Calibration curves (R2 > 0.

Methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) and potassium phosphate (K3PO4) were purchased at Vetec (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The alcohols have purities higher than 99 wt.%. MEK inhibitor The phosphate salts present had purity levels

higher than 98 wt.%. The l-ascorbic acid (>98 wt.%) was acquired at Labsynth (São Paulo, Brazil) and vanillin (>99 wt.%) was purchased at Sigma–Aldrich. Ultrapure water, double distilled, passed by a reverse osmosis system and further treated with a Milli-Q plus 185 water purification apparatus, was used. The vanilla diet pudding Dr. Oetker was purchased at a regular supermarket in Aracaju, Brazil (http://www.oetker.com.br/?actA = 2111&produtoID = 138). PCI-32765 research buy The ATPS were formed using aqueous solutions of alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol) at 80 wt.% and distinct aqueous solutions of inorganic potassium phosphate salts (K3PO4, K2HPO4 and the phosphate buffer solution KH2PO4/K2HPO4 – Henderson–Hasselbalch equation equivalents = 1.087) at ca. 40 wt.%.

The phase diagrams were determined through two different experimental methodologies well described in literature, the cloud point titration method ( Merchuck et al., 1998, Neves et al., 2009, Ventura et al., 2009, Ventura et al., 2011 and Ventura et al., in press) and the turbidometric titration method ( Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, 2000 and Freire et al., 2012) at (298 ± 1) K

and atmospheric pressure. The tie-lines (TLs) were obtained using a gravimetric method originally applied by Merchuck and co-workers (Merchuck et al., 1998) and already validated in previous studies (Neves NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase et al., 2009 and Ventura et al., 2009). Each tie-line (TL) was determined by the application of the lever-arm rule. For that purpose, the experimental solubility curves were correlated using the following Eq. (1), equation(1) Y=Aexp[(BX0.5)-(CX3)]where Y and X, are the alcohol and salt mass fraction percentages, respectively, and A, B and C are the regression constants. The partitioning systems for l-ascorbic acid were prepared using graduated centrifuge tubes by weighing the appropriate amounts of alcohol (at ca. 50 wt.%), inorganic salt (at ca. 15 wt.%) and l-ascorbic acid (2.8 mg). To prepare the vanillin partitioning systems, vials with the same weight fractions of alcohol and inorganic salt were prepared. An aqueous solution of vanillin (concentration of ca. 1.0 g.dm−3) was used as the aqueous phase. Afterwards, the mixtures were gently stirred and centrifuged at 3,000 × g for 10 min. The extraction systems were placed at (298 ± 1) K, for at least 18 h, to reach the equilibrium and the consequent and complete partitioning of the antioxidants. The vials were closed during this period to avoid the alcohol vaporisation.

Chardigny et al. (2008) reported HDL-lowering effects of industrial TFA, but not natural TFA, at intakes around 5 E%. Ruminant TFAs are suggested to up-regulate expression of PPARα and PPARγ, being

involved in energy expenditure and lipogenesis ( Wang et al., 2012). In the Nurses’ Health Study and in the large Finnish alpha-tocopherol, beta carotene study, no negative effects of ruminant TFA on relative risk of CHD were found, but industrial TFA was associated with increased risk of CHD ( Pietinen et al., 1997 and Willett et al., 1993). Both ruminant and industrial TFA have similar effects buy BIBW2992 on blood lipids ( Brouwer et al., 2013) and, with intakes below 1 E%, any difference is not considered a priority public health issue ( Willett & Mozaffarian, 2008). Specific SFAs are claimed to have different health effects. According to FAO/WHO (FAO, 2010), the SFAs with a documented negative effect on CHD are 12:0, 14:0, 16:0, whereas http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD2281(Olaparib).html 18:0 is neutral. The current Nordic nutrition recommendations (NNR, 2014) focus on types and food sources of total fat and FA and intakes of both SFA and TFA should be limited and replaced by PUFA and/or MUFA. Also, energy-dense foods high in added fat and sugars should be limited. The present result that TFA was

mainly replaced by SFA represents no major nutritional advantage, and general advice to limit the consumption is still valid. The intake and occurrence of TFA in Sweden, cannot, according to the above mentioned studies, be considered as a health problem for the majority of the population. However, further reductions are possible and intake levels should be monitored. The actions undertaken (following Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II the reported hazards of TFA) to protect consumer health have been different in different countries. In Denmark, TFA levels are regulated by a national legislation allowing a maximum of 2% TFA of the fat in products containing

non-dairy fat. In the United States and Canada, mandatory labelling of TFA content was introduced in 2003 (Krettek et al., 2008), although criteria are based on the TFA amount per portion. In Sweden communication with the industry has resulted in reduced TFA levels. Labelling of products containing industrial hydrogenated vegetable oils is mandatory in Sweden and the EU (European Union, 2011); however, such labels do not indicate TFA values. In view of the documented negative health effects caused by TFA, a regulation of TFA in food, similar to the Danish one, is a viable option. It could also act as a driving force for the industry to further develop new techniques and find alternative raw materials for oils and fats with an appropriate FA composition. This could be necessary, if the use of palm oil, a frequently used substitute for TFA today, is not sustainable.

Although, none of the companies in this study handled bulbs or fluorescent tubes contain Hg, recycling workers had about 20 times higher air Hg concentrations than the office workers. Furthermore, Hg in both plasma and urine samples, which

are suitable biomarkers of inorganic Hg, increased with increasing concentrations in the inhalable fraction. This result illustrates that Hg is indeed present in recycling plants where the most likely source is back-lights in different types of screens (Frazzoli et al., 2010). Blood Hg concentrations were similar in office and recycling workers, most likely due to the influence of dietary methyl mercury. We did ask workers to refrain from eating any see more kind of seafood prior to sampling, but because poultry and swine processing uses fish meal, for example, it is difficult to completely avoid the intake of methyl mercury (Lindberg et al., 2004). Seafood was probably also the origin of the elevated urinary arsenic concentrations, which were similar in recycling workers and office workers. However, the air concentrations of As were 23 Selleck PLX3397 times higher in the recycling areas compared to the offices. Mercury and gallium arsenides are common in many types of electronics, such as flat screens and LEDs,

which is present in more types of electronics sold today, which will likely increase exposure to these metals in the future. The observed eltoprazine elevated Pb concentrations in both air samples and exposure biomarkers, and the correlation between the two, showed that e-waste recycling workers constitute a new group of workers that may be exposed to Pb. Lead is predominantly found in the glass of CRTs and in different solders used in electronics (Frazzoli et al., 2010); it may be released if grinding of the products is performed. The amount of Pb in one CTR screen can be up to 3 kg, depending on the size of the television set (M. Chen et al., 2011). During the measurements in this study the CRTs were crushed or grinded at the participating e-waste plants. This procedure has now been replaced by an automated process at

another company (not participating in the study) that specializes on recycling of CRTs. The highest individual concentrations of Pb in blood originated from workers performing work tasks connected to grinding e-waste materials. Furthermore, the grinded material is often transported on conveyor belts and put into open containers or piles outdoors awaiting further transportation. This procedure might lead to dispersion of dust to the environment. In fact, there was no difference of the Pb concentration in air samples between the outdoor workers compared to the dismantling workers. The elevated Pb exposure among recycling workers is worrying, mainly for the women working in these settings. Prenatal exposure to Pb has shown to affect several parameters in the developing child (Bellinger, 2013, Bellinger et al.

Thus, the high-throughput global analysis of metabolome is a key factor of this field. For this reason, NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy)-based metabolite profiling/metabolomics was first used in pioneering

studies for the rapid multicomponent analysis of biological samples [13]. Mass spectrometry (MS) is currently the most widely applied technology in metabolomics studies [14]. This research trend is reflected VE-822 datasheet in the research area of ginseng. The metabolomics research for ginseng has been published in numerous reports. In the work of Dan et al [15], the metabolite profiling of the different parts of P. notoginseng was carried out, and metabolic profiling of five Panax genera has been performed by Xie et al [16]. In the study of Zhang et al [17], metabolomics research was applied for the holistic quality evaluation of white and red ginseng. Differences in the chemical composition of ginseng according to cultivation ages have also been investigated using metabolomics as a research buy Selumetinib tool [18], [19], [20], [21], [22] and [23]. Most recently, determination of the geographical origins of Korean P. ginseng was studied as a metabolomic approach [24]. In this paper, an ultraperformance

liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF MS)-based metabolomic approach was developed to differentiate between processed P. ginseng (red ginseng) and processed P. quinquefolius (red ginseng). This nontargeted global analysis method was confirmed by targeted analysis of ginsenosides, including well-known potential marker substances [ginsenoside Rf and 24(R)-pseudoginsenoside F11]. Processed P. ginseng (good grade red ginseng, 38 roots per 600 g

size) was supplied by the Korea Ginseng Corporation (Daejeon, Korea). Processed P. quinquefolius (cultivated red, large size) was purchased from Hsu’s Ginseng Enterprises, Inc. (Marathon County, Wisconsin, U.S.A, http://www.hsuginseng.com). Ginsenoside BCKDHA Rg1, Re, Rf, 20(S)-Rh1, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd, 20(S)-Rg3, and 20(R)-Rg3 standards were purchased from Chromadex (Irvine, CA, USA), and ginsenoside Ro, 20(S)-Rg2, 20(R)-Rg2, 20(S)-Rh2, 20(R)-Rh2, F2, F4, Ra1, Rg6, Rh4, Rk3, Rg5, Rk1, Rb3, Rk2, Rh3, notoginsenoside R1, 24(R)-pseudoginsenoside F11, and gypenoside XVII standards were obtained from Ambo Institute (Seoul, South Korea). Phosphoric acid was purchased from Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan). HPLC-grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All distilled water used in this experiment was purified by the Milli-Q gradient system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA), and the resistance value was measured as 18 MΩ prior to use.

45 to 4.91. The Alectinib mw lowest values of LAI were observed in the plots from the RW18 study, and they corresponded to the thinned plots which

had an average of 16 trees distributed in a 400–470 m2 plot area. Leaf area index assessment in these plots was expected to be low, not only due to the reduced number of trees, but also due to the difficulty of using an indirect method to measure it. The highest LAI values were observed in the control plots in Henderson. Regardless of the other treatments applied to these plots (harvesting and site preparation), the control plots had consistently higher LAI than the vegetation control plots. In most plots, the presence of competing vegetation (mostly hardwood trees) increased the LAI as much as twice the LAI value from the plots with vegetation control. Lidar ground returns were lowest (131) at the control plots in Henderson (Table 3). This set of plots can be compared to the vegetation control plots (297) from the same study and to the fertilized plots (223) from RW18, which Lapatinib chemical structure had comparable tree densities. However, when the number of vegetation returns are taken into account, the proportion of ground pulses relative to the total number of pulses (LPI = 0.08) shows that the canopy in the control plots from Henderson generated more returns (1601) and hence did not penetrate to the ground as much as

the other two set of plots. The opposite was observed in the thinned plots from RW18, which had the highest LPI (0.42 and 0.50), and the lowest

number of trees per plot, ground penetration was high (461 and 427), and canopy interception low (478 and 670). Heights of vegetation returns were consistently lower than the tree heights measured on the ground, except for a few returns that were a few centimeters higher than the maximum tree height of the plot. These minor anomalies could be attributable to measurement and estimation errors. Fertilized plots showed higher intensity mean values than control plots; however, as expected, Henderson control plots had higher Dapagliflozin intensity means than the treated plots, since classification of these plots is not based on nutrient additions but on competing vegetation control. The vertical profiles (Fig. 3) show graphically the range of heights for the vegetation returns according to their frequency. The mode for each of the sites is highlighted on the profiles; this metric had a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.92 with the mean mid-crown height of the individual plots (n = 109). The frequency of returns at the Henderson site, and at the RW18 and RW19 sites ( Fig. 3) show that there are a number of returns that come from below the canopy, whereas SETRES and NSD frequencies are closer to zero. The latter two sites have been maintained with no understory vegetation. RW18 unthinned plots are also free of understory vegetation, but they represent only 4 of the 19 plots used from this study. The site that showed less frequency of returns was RW18 ( Fig.

These results alongside with those previously obtained by other authors suggest that this group of natural compounds might be promising for future antiviral

drug design. This study was supported by CNPq/MCT/Brazil (grant number 470235/2009-8). J.W. Bertol, C.M.O. Simões, F.C. Braga, R.M. Pádua and C.R.M. Barardi are grateful to CNPq for their research fellowships, as well as C. Rigotto thanks to CAPES/MEC/Brazil for her postdoc fellowship. “
“Herpes PLX-4720 concentration Simplex Virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are human neurotropic viruses usually associated with infections of the skin and mucosae of different locations, most commonly the oral and genital regions. Although infections are often subclinical, HSV can cause mild to severe diseases, especially in neonates and immunocompromised individuals. Currently, there is no cure for www.selleckchem.com/products/BIBF1120.html the persistent infection, and prolonged therapy with the available antiherpes drugs has induced the emergence of drug-resistant virus strains.

Moreover, HSV has been described as a risk factor for HIV infection (Roizman et al., 2007). This scenario has triggered the search for new antiherpetic agents, especially those with mechanisms of action different from that of nucleoside analogs, the major class of antiviral agents used for the management of HSV infections. Besides, a treatment based on the combination of different antiviral agents can be considered a promising approach to increase antiviral selectivity while simultaneously enabling the reduction of the Selleck Depsipeptide active concentrations of the drugs (Chou, 2006). Many synthetic or naturally occurring sulfated polysaccharides from different species of marine algae, bacteria, fungi, and animals have been previously shown to have antiviral activity against human and animal viruses (Ghosh et al., 2009). In the case of fungi, cell wall polysaccharides have been chemically modified to increase their solubility and enhance their biological activities (Liu et al., 2010), including their antiviral action (Zhang et al., 2004). The pharmacological effects of Agaricus brasiliensis,

a Basidiomycete fungus native to the Brazilian Atlantic forest region, have been mainly related to the presence of polysaccharides and protein–polysaccharide complexes ( Firenzuoli et al., 2008). Concerning its previous antiviral evaluation, Sorimachi et al. (2001) showed that the ethanolic fractions of A. brasiliensis mycelium and fruiting bodies inhibited HSV, poliovirus, and Western equine encephalitis virus replication. The inhibition of HSV-1 and herpes bovine virus by an aqueous extract of A. brasiliensis fruiting bodies was also demonstrated by Bruggemann et al. (2006). Additionally, both aqueous and ethanolic fruiting bodies extracts and an isolated polysaccharide from this species displayed antiviral activity against poliovirus 1, as reported by Faccin et al. (2007).