3B. “
“The authors regret that an incorrect reference was featured in their article. The reference ‘Phimolsiripol,

Y., Siripatrawan, U., & Cleland, D. (2011). Weight loss of frozen bread dough under isothermal and fluctuating temperature storage conditions. Journal of Food Engineering, 106, 134–143.’ was included erroneously and should instead have cited the below reference: Phimolsiripol Y., Siripatrawan, U., & Henry. C.J.K. (2011). Pasting behaviour, textural properties and freeze–thaw stability of wheat flour–crude malva nut (Scaphium scaphigerum) gum system. Journal of Food Engineering, 105, 557–562. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. TAM Receptor inhibitor “
“In the literature, numerous investigations

aimed at identifying volatile compounds in different types of beer can be found and many hundreds of constituents have been reported (Fritsch & Schieberle, 2005). Beer is a very complex mixture and its constituents, including the volatile ones, vary widely in nature and in concentration levels and are derived from raw materials including water, yeast, malt, and hops. Aroma substances are very important in beer because they greatly contribute to quality of the final product (Liu, Zeng, & Xiong, 2005). Considering the nature and concentration of these chemical species, gas chromatography (GC) is the conventional analytical technique for aroma components. However, a proper isolation and concentration technique should be applied before the chromatographic analysis itself since many beer components, such as sugar, can cause serious damage to the chromatographic system. Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor A very suitable extraction–concentration method for GC analysis of beer is headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) (Pawliszyn, 1997). Due to the positive characteristics, some applications (Jellen et al., 1998 and Pinho et al., 2006) can be found in the literature focusing on volatile beer fraction composition analyses applying this sampling technique, as well

as for the analysis of beer off-flavours, such as sulphur compounds (Hill and Smith, 2000 and Scarlata and Ebeler, 1999), and carbonyl compounds (Vesely, Lusk, Basarova, Seabrooks, & Ryder, 2003). Among the many compounds that can be extracted from the volatile beer fraction, specific Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase ones can be pointed out as responsible or specifically related to quality parameters in beer. These parameters can be defined by sensorial analysis, such as quantitative descriptive analyses (QDA) (Stone, Sidel, Oliver, Woolsey, & Singleton, 1974). However, these types of studies are very time-consuming and susceptible to large sources of variation. Assessing information about beer compounds by means of instrumental measurements would be very beneficial because the great possibility of getting repeatability and reproducibility, besides the fact that instruments do not suffer from fatigue or adaptation.

Methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) and potassium phosphate (K3PO4) were purchased at Vetec (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The alcohols have purities higher than 99 wt.%. Trichostatin A research buy The phosphate salts present had purity levels

higher than 98 wt.%. The l-ascorbic acid (>98 wt.%) was acquired at Labsynth (São Paulo, Brazil) and vanillin (>99 wt.%) was purchased at Sigma–Aldrich. Ultrapure water, double distilled, passed by a reverse osmosis system and further treated with a Milli-Q plus 185 water purification apparatus, was used. The vanilla diet pudding Dr. Oetker was purchased at a regular supermarket in Aracaju, Brazil (http://www.oetker.com.br/?actA = 2111&produtoID = 138). Staurosporine solubility dmso The ATPS were formed using aqueous solutions of alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol) at 80 wt.% and distinct aqueous solutions of inorganic potassium phosphate salts (K3PO4, K2HPO4 and the phosphate buffer solution KH2PO4/K2HPO4 – Henderson–Hasselbalch equation equivalents = 1.087) at ca. 40 wt.%.

The phase diagrams were determined through two different experimental methodologies well described in literature, the cloud point titration method ( Merchuck et al., 1998, Neves et al., 2009, Ventura et al., 2009, Ventura et al., 2011 and Ventura et al., in press) and the turbidometric titration method ( Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, 2000 and Freire et al., 2012) at (298 ± 1) K

and atmospheric pressure. The tie-lines (TLs) were obtained using a gravimetric method originally applied by Merchuck and co-workers (Merchuck et al., 1998) and already validated in previous studies (Neves http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/tenofovir-alafenamide-gs-7340.html et al., 2009 and Ventura et al., 2009). Each tie-line (TL) was determined by the application of the lever-arm rule. For that purpose, the experimental solubility curves were correlated using the following Eq. (1), equation(1) Y=Aexp[(BX0.5)-(CX3)]where Y and X, are the alcohol and salt mass fraction percentages, respectively, and A, B and C are the regression constants. The partitioning systems for l-ascorbic acid were prepared using graduated centrifuge tubes by weighing the appropriate amounts of alcohol (at ca. 50 wt.%), inorganic salt (at ca. 15 wt.%) and l-ascorbic acid (2.8 mg). To prepare the vanillin partitioning systems, vials with the same weight fractions of alcohol and inorganic salt were prepared. An aqueous solution of vanillin (concentration of ca. 1.0 g.dm−3) was used as the aqueous phase. Afterwards, the mixtures were gently stirred and centrifuged at 3,000 × g for 10 min. The extraction systems were placed at (298 ± 1) K, for at least 18 h, to reach the equilibrium and the consequent and complete partitioning of the antioxidants. The vials were closed during this period to avoid the alcohol vaporisation.

The present study demonstrates that the levels of NA in sausages may be reduced by adding erythorbic acid and that the extent of the inhibition increases with increasing amount of erythorbic acid, at least up to the highest tested level of 1104 mg kg−1. The effect of concurrent presence of ascorbyl palmitate (26, 150, 450, 750 and 874 mg kg−1) however seems to have the opposite effect, i.e. to stimulate the formation of NA or to counter act the effect of erythorbic acid. Haem has been suggested to play an essential role in the endogenous formation of NA linked with high consumption compound screening assay of red and processed meat (Bingham et al., 2002, Cross et al., 2003 and Pierre et al.,

2013). Lunn et al. (2007)

also found that in an aqueous solution no nitrosation of morpholine occurred even at elevated levels of nitrite, however if haem iron was also added NMOR was produced (Lunn et al., 2007). Calcium, which can chelate the iron in haem, was by Pierre et al. (2013) found to prevent a haem induced increase in endogenous formation of nitroso compounds in humans (Pierre et al., 2013). Iron plays an essential role in lipid peroxidation processes occurring in meat and antioxidants as ascorbate/erythorbic acid inhibit these unwanted processes www.selleckchem.com/products/AG-014699.html (Igene et al., 1979 and Ladikos and Lougovois, 1990). The results of the study are presented in Fig. 5. The levels of NSAR, NDMA and NPYR were in all the tested combinations at or below the LOQ of the method. The observed effects on the levels of these three NA Lepirudin are therefore associated with high uncertainty and the results for these are not included in Fig. 5. The observations are however described as indicative results in the following. No significant effects were observed by supplementing the sausage meat with haem (myoglobin) (Fig. 5A1–E1). However a slight reduction in the levels of NPIP (Fig. 5C1), NSAR and NPYR were indicated.

This reduction may be the result of increased competition for the nitrosating species because more NO was bound to the added haem. Slight indications of calcium counteracting this inhibiting effect were observed for NHPRO (Fig. 5A2), NDMA and NPYR. The levels of NHPRO and NMTCA were found to increase significantly by adding Fe (III) (Fig. 5A1 and E1). An increase was also indicated for NTCA (Fig. 5D1) and NPYR. For the remaining NA no effect was observed by adding Fe(III). Erythorbic acid was also in this setup found to reduce the NA levels (Fig. 5A1–E1) except for NDMA and NPYR. The reduction was found to be significant for NHPRO, NPRO, NPIP and NTCA. Interaction between iron and erythorbic acid was indicated for NTCA and NMTCA, though only significantly for NMTCA (Fig. 5E2). Addition of Fe(III) cancelled the otherwise inhibiting effect of erythorbic acid (Fig. 5D2 and E2).

That is, the hemizygous plants

may express a smaller amount of the intended dsRNA molecules than homozygous plants. However, UFSC researchers have argued that ‘gene-dosage’ alone does not explain the difference in susceptibility levels. For instance, in Table V.17 of Aragão and Faria (2010b) data indicate a variety of susceptibilities for hemizygotes only. These plants would all have the same number of transgenes. The UFSC researchers then proposed three hypotheses that could explain the results obtained for the F1 plants: (i) instability or truncation of the insert; (ii) environment x gene interactions; or (iii) virus-mediated transgene silencing or resistance to silencing (Noris et al., 2004 and Taliansky et al., 2004). Testing these hypotheses would have provided the regulator with the biochemical explanation Vemurafenib chemical structure of the varying levels of resistance and informed a risk management plan. However, CTNBio did not require the developer to address the varying susceptibility levels. Interestingly, the regulator appeared unaware of this variability because they concluded that the segregation pattern was what they expected and that the

observed phenotypes were normal in all crosses made (CTNBio, 2011). Although a few products based on dsRNA-mediated silencing have been approved, the commercialization history of these products is spotty. Flavr Savr Tomato, New Leaf Potatoes and the G series of high oleic acid soybeans were buy BMS-754807 withdrawn from market shortly after release (FSANZ, 2009b and Monsanto, 2001). The exceptions

are papaya and pinto beans which have been consumed on a relatively small basis. Given that few people would be exposed to artificial siRNAs, and exposed in low amounts through consuming currently approved products, it is not surprising that regulators from different countries have not established common, validated assessment procedures for these molecules (ACNFP, 2012 and Lusser et al., 2011). A validation process establishes both the relevance and reliability Ponatinib mouse of a test. Validation usually involves establishing the test definition, assessing the within- and between-laboratory variation in the results, the transferability of the test between laboratories, the predictive capacity of the test, how applicable the test is to the situation and how well the test conforms to certain standards (Hartung et al., 2004). Regulation of traits based on dsRNA in GMOs is therefore currently based on ad hoc standards and acceptance of unpublished studies conducted by GMO developers even though the approval of the first human food based on dsRNA-mediated silencing occurred nearly 20 years ago. The regulatory community is only now actively debating how these molecules should be assessed. There are also discordant statements about expected standards appearing in the literature.

The agent and patient characters were thus either primed or unprimed. The neutral condition served as a baseline to assess the overall likelihood of speakers using

active and passive syntax to describe the target transitive events. Timecourse analyses assessed differences and changes in the formulation of active descriptions for the different types of events and after the three types of primes. On the hypothesis that the ease of character naming determines the extent to which speakers prioritize encoding of a single character at the outset of formulation, speakers should be more likely to engage in linearly incremental than hierarchically incremental planning when preparing sentences that begin with an accessible character (a highly-codable character or a primed character); event codability should have the opposite effect on formulation. CCI-779 purchase Fifty-four native speakers of Dutch (mostly university students; 48 female) from the Nijmegen

area participated for payment. Four participants were replaced because they produced very few scorable responses on target trials. There were four types of trials: target trials, prime trials, filler trials, and word trials. On target trials, speakers saw pictures of transitive OSI-744 chemical structure events (see Appendix A; pictures were adapted from Bock, 1986b, and from images available in the Microsoft clipart database). There were 20 items with animate agents BCKDHA (13 items with human agent and 7 with animal agents), and 10 with inanimate agents. To increase production of passive sentences, 23 items had animate patients (20 items had human patients, 3 had animal patients) and 7 had inanimate patients. 3 Pictures shown on prime trials were one-character events. They were accompanied by a recorded intransitive description produced by a native Dutch speaker. The characters named in these sentences were semantically related

to the agent (e.g., wolf), the patient (e.g., salesman), or to neither character (e.g., umbrella) in the following target picture (in this case, a dog chasing a mailman). Semantic relatedness was verified with LSA norms (Latent Semantic Analysis; http://lsa.colorado.edu): across all events, agent primes had a stronger relationship to agents than patients (.37 vs. .09; t(28) = 6.20), and patient primes had a stronger relationship to patients than agents (.23 vs. .12; t(29) = 3.06). Neutral primes were not related to either character (.05 and .08 for the relationship to the agent and patient respectively). The remaining trials were unrelated to the prime and target pictures. On filler trials (n = 103), speakers saw pictures that could be described with a variety of structures (e.g., intransitive, dative, reflexive sentences). On 90 filler trials, speakers produced a description, and on 13 trials, they saw a picture and heard a recorded description.

17 (SD = 6.46). In terms of specific PMT intervention components patients and caregivers received, 38.1% of sessions included training in reward learn more systems, 33.3% focused on psychoeducation, 28.6% included training in specific praise, 14.3% focused on selective ignoring, and 9.5% taught parents to use time-out strategies (patients and caregivers could have received more than one intervention component; thus, percentages do not add to 100). Other interventions used were: helping patients and caregivers establish a routine, providing instructions for child-directed play time, and enhancing communication skills. BHCs were licensed clinical social workers, licensed psychologists, or clinical psychology doctoral trainees.

Details about the behavioral health visits are provided in Table 3. B-Raf assay Children’s level of global distress and functional impairment were measured via caregivers’ (for children 1–11 years of age) or self (for youth 12–17 years of age) report on the A Collaborative Outcomes Resource Network questionnaire (ACORN; Brown, 2011). The ACORN was given to each patient or their caregiver at the first and each subsequent behavioral health session. The 16-item child caregiver version of the ACORN assesses global levels of psychiatric symptoms in youth 11 years of age or younger over the previous 2 weeks. Items assess mood, anxiety, disruptive behaviors, and attentional concerns. Responses are scored on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (never)

to 4 (very often) and scores are averaged to form a global distress score (GDS). Adolescents’ global distress and functional impairment were measured via the youth self-report version of the ACORN. This version contains 17 items and is to be used for youth ages 12 to 17 years of age. Questions assess global levels of psychiatric distress and include items about drug use and self-harm ideation. All versions of the ACORN include four items that assess therapeutic alliance and satisfaction with behavioral health services. Reliability (i.e., Cronbach’s

alpha) of the ACORN has been estimated at .92 when used with adult clinical for samples ( Brown, 2011). In the current sample, Cronbach alpha for the child GDS was .93 and for the adolescent GDS was .79. For therapeutic alliance scores, Cronbach alpha in the child version was .89 and for adolescents it was .88. Data on the validity of the child caregiver version are not available, but global distress scores from the adult version of the ACORN were found to correlate significantly with the Beck Depression Inventory (r = .78) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (r = .82). The mean GDS for adults currently in treatment is reported to be 2.1 (SD = 0.7). The ACORN manual specifies that benchmarks for clinically meaningful improvement are an effect size (Cohen’s d) of .50 or greater. A paired-samples t-test showed significant improvement in child global distress following IBHC treatment (Mpre = 1.72, SDpre = 0.81; Mpost = 1.21, SDpost = 0.

, 2014). In cell culture assays, BCX4430 is active against

Ebola and Marburg viruses, (EC50 ca 1 μM). With BCX4430 at 30 μM, there was no detectable incorporation into host DNA or RNA. In rats, BCX4430 is efficiently activated (phosphorylated) to the triphosphate. In a primer-extension assay, there is some read-through beyond a single residue of BCX4430, but there is effective chain termination after the first BCX4430 residue where the template has two consecutive uridine residues. BCX4430 has been tested in rodent and nonhuman primate models of Marburg hemorrhagic fever. In mice, there was a dose response (30, 20, 3.3 and 1.1 mg/dose, bid) with full protection at the two higher doses (survivors, 100%, 100%, 95% and 83% respectively). In an experiment with dosing starting at different Fluorouracil cost times (4 h pre-infection, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h post-infection vs placebo), the placebo-treated mice died on days 6, 7 and 8 with one survivor (10%). In the treated groups, the percent survival was 80, 100, 80, 100, 100 and 30, respectively. In guinea pigs, BCX4430 (bid) with treatment starting at different times (1 h pre-infection, 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection) there was full protection (100% survival) for the pre-infection and 24 h groups, with reduced efficacy at the later start times. In cynomolgus monkeys, BCX4300 treatment was started at 1, 24 and 48 h post-infection. In the placebo group,

this website all 6 animals died within days 9 to 12. In all the treated groups, virus loads were reduced by more than log103. There was one late death in the 1 h group but the other 17 monkeys survived. Various markers of potential organ damage were reduced in all treated groups. Encouraged by these results, 14-day toxicology trials have

recently been completed without any serious concerns. BioCryst is developing BCX4430 under the FDA Animal Rule and IND-enabling work is ongoing. When asked about viral resistance, Travis explained PIK3C2G that it is not ethically permissible to create resistant strains of Marburg virus, but samples collected from the monkeys are being sequenced to look for mutations indicative of drug resistance. As yet, mitochondrial toxicity has not been examined. Mario Stevenson, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA Even after successful and prolonged ART, invariably plasma HIV load increases within 20 days of stopping therapy. Of all the millions of HIV-infected people, there has been only one documented cure – the “Berlin” patient (see above). Two Boston patients, who had similar bone marrow transplants, initially seemed to have been “cured” but HIV was detected after 70 and 200 days, respectively. Latent HIV can survive in various long-lived cells for decades, especially in memory T cells. When these cells proliferate, the integrated HIV genome is duplicated as the cell divides and the cells survive so long as HIV remains silent. Compounds known to activate all T-cells are too toxic to become a clinical therapy.

Climate data were gathered from multiple sources (Assel, 2003, Hunter and Croley, 1993, International Great Lakes Datum, 1985 and Quinn and Norton, 1982) as well as from weather stations from the NOAA National Climatic Data Center (see Fig. 1 and S1) and Hunter and Croley (1993), which has been continuously updated online since the original publication date (http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/arc/hydro/mnth-hydro.html). Relationships between variables were analyzed with Pearson’s correlation and linear regression, all with alpha = 0.05 level. Land use, population, employment, income and households were used as indicators to represent direct and indirect drivers of change induced by human activities

and to better understand

the economic status of the human population. While we are aware of the selleck inhibitor differences between the political and watershed boundaries, our analysis of the socioeconomic system is based on the data obtained at the county level. We also obtained historical data from the Detroit metropolitan area on the USA side because it is a significant driver of change and provides a comparison to the other counties within the LSC watershed. Estimates of the area of the watershed and the land use characteristics check details were obtained from land use classifications produced by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (date of access 8 April 2012, ftp://ftp.agr.gc.ca/pub/outgoing/aesb-eos-gg/LCV_CA_AAFC_30M_2000_V12) and the US Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium (Fry et al., 2011). Because there were little land use data readily available in 1900, we used a USGS image (United States Geological Survey, access date 31 January 2013, http://www.epa.gov/med/grosseile_site/indicators/landuse.html) of why the Detroit metropolitan area to display snapshots of developed land use from 1905, 1938, 1968, and 2001. Socioeconomic data (human

population, households, water and waste water infrastructure, employment and income data) were gathered from USA sources: US Census Bureau (census data accessed 2 May 2012, http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/index.html), Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG, 2002), Camp Dresser and McKee (2003), CH2M HILL (2003), City of Detroit (1959), Detroit Water Service (1966), Morrill (1939), SEMCOG, 1971 and SEMCOG, 2001, St. Clair Regional Planning Commission, 1960 and St. Clair Regional Planning Commission, 1969, State of Michigan (1966), Tetra Tech MPS (2003), Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (access data 11 April 2012, http://www.deq.state.mi.us/owis/Page/main/Home.aspx), and Drinking Water Protection Network (access date 11 April 2012, www.rwqims.com) and from Canadian sources: Ontario Department of Economics and Development (1967), Statistics Canada (date of access, 10 July 2012, http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E&TABID=1#tab1 and http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.

A further weakness of dual-task paradigms that require participants to actively produce responses such as eye-movements is that it can become difficult to distinguish selective interference effects from more general attentional interference that results from overall task difficulty (for related discussion, see Pearson & Sawyer, 2011). One paradigm that addresses these limitations is the abducted-eye paradigm, in which oculomotor preparation is prevented by presenting stimuli to a region of participants’ visual field that lies beyond their oculomotor range ( Craighero et al., 2004 and Smith et al., 2010). Crucially, this paradigm allows the role of the oculomotor

system in spatial working MK-2206 solubility dmso memory to be examined independently from any confounding effect of saccade preparation on covert attention. Support for this position derives from studies of patients suffering oculomotor deficits which have demonstrated that attention can be covertly oriented to locations that lie beyond the possible range of their eye movements ( Gabay et al., 2010, Rafal et al., 1988 and Smith et al., 2004). Following from this, Smith et al. have previously shown that stimulus-driven

selleck screening library shifts of attention are abolished by placing participants in an eye-abducted position, while their volitional attentional orienting remains unimpaired ( Smith et al., 2012 and Smith et al., 2014). Recently we have used a version of the abducted-eye paradigm to explore oculomotor involvement in spatial working memory (Ball, Pearson, & Smith, 2013). Participants were required to fixate the center of a display while the other eye was patched, and their head and body were then rotated until there was an angle of 40° between their trunk midline and the center of PRKD3 gaze (Fig. 1A). This manipulation meant that while participants could still see everything in the

display, they were physically unable to make eye-movements further into the temporal hemifield. While participants were required to maintain central fixation in all conditions, eye-movements into the nasal hemifield remained physically possible even in the eye-abducted position. During the study memoranda were presented wholly in the nasal hemifield or the temporal hemifield. Using this paradigm the oculomotor account of VSWM made a clear prediction: Eye-abduction should only disrupt spatial memory if memoranda were presented in the temporal hemifield, as this was the only condition in which saccadic preparation was rendered physically impossible. The results of Ball et al. (2013) clearly showed eye-abduction was associated with impaired performance on the Corsi Blocks task (De Renzi, Faglioni, & Previdi, 1977), but not with performance of the Visual Patterns task (Della Sala, Gray, Baddeley, Allamano, & Wilson, 1999), the Arrow Span task (Shah & Miyake, 1996), a size comparison task (Thompson et al., 2006), or a visually-presented digit span task (Dempster & Zinkgraf, 1982).

7B), but in the WG and RG groups, mucosal thickening was moderately reduced, and RG seemed to be more effective than WG. AHR is a particular feature of asthma and leads to recurrent episodes of shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing [22]. In the present study, we observed AHR changes by methacholine challenge testing. WG and RG inhibited AHR as evidence by reductions in Penh values to levels similar to those observed in the naïve group (Fig. 4). Asthma is associated with IgE production, for example, recent studies on the effects of anti-IgE therapy have confirmed

that IgE plays an important role in asthma [23] and [24]. Balza et al [24] reported a positive relationship between airway IgE expression

and serum BGB324 order IgE levels. In the present study, the expression of IgE in serum was markedly higher in the PBS-treated control group than in the naïve group, but WG or RG administration significantly decreased IgE serum level (Fig. 5), and RG was more effective than WG. However, neither WG nor RG influenced IgG1 and IgG2a serum levels in asthmatic mice (Fig. 6). Th2 cell-associated inflammation is considered as CP-868596 solubility dmso an important mediator of asthma, and Th2-type cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, are thought to drive the disease pathology [25]. Moreover, there is strong evidence that the Th2-cytokine pattern plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma via the release of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 [26]. Accordingly, we analyzed the cytokine profiles of bronchial lymph node cells after in vitro OVA stimulation. High levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13 production confirmed the Th2 nature of the inflammatory response in the PBS treated control group ( Fig. 8). Furthermore, cytokine production by lymphocytes in the WG and RG groups was significantly lower than in the control

group, and RG was again more effective Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase than WG. WG and RG effectively suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration into bronchoalveolar regions. AHR and airway remodeling in OVA-induced asthma were also ameliorated by WG and RG. The study shows that WG and RG regulate serum IgE levels, which is an important biomarker of asthma. In addition, WG and RG significantly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production by peribronchial lymphocytes. Furthermore, RG was more potent than WG in all respects. However, as most medicinal herbs have multiple components, it is unclear which component plays key roles in the above-mentioned activities. Therefore, further studies are needed to identify the key molecules underlying these effects and efficacies. The authors have no potential conflict of interest to declare. The authors alone are responsible for the writing of this paper. This work was supported by the 2011 Specialzation Project Research Grant funded by the Pusan National University.